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1.
Due to its surrounding strong and deep Asian summer monsoon (ASM) circulation and active surface pollutant emissions, surface pollutants are transported to the stratosphere from the Tibetan Plateau region, which may have critical impacts on global climate through chemical, microphysical and radiative processes. This article reviews major recent advances in research regarding troposphere–stratosphere transport from the region of the Tibetan Plateau. Since the discovery of the total ozone valley over the Tibetan Plateau in summer from satellite observations in the early 1990s, new satellite-borne instruments have become operational and have provided significant new information on atmospheric composition. In addition, in situ measurements and model simulations are used to investigate deep convection and the ASM anticyclone, surface sources and pathways, atmospheric chemical transformations and the impact on global climate. Also challenges are discussed for further understanding critical questions on microphysics and microchemistry in clouds during the pathway to the global stratosphere over the Tibetan Plateau. 相似文献
2.
青藏高原是世界上总辐射量最高的地区,也是全球超太阳常数的极值区域之一。此处形成了一个"嵌入"对流层中部大气的巨大的热源,可以伸展到自由大气,其超越了世界上任何超级城市群落所产生的中空热岛效应,对全球与区域大气环流系统变化的动力"驱动"产生了难以估计的效应。与地形热力过程季节变化密切相关的亚洲夏季风是世界上范围最广和强度最强的季风;从冬季到早春季节转换过程中,由于太阳辐射的影响造成青藏高原大地形感热的"快速响应"及其相对高值动态移动,在盛夏梅雨及其云降水带前沿线恰好停滞于中国"三阶梯"地形分布山地—平原过渡区。此现象表明,青藏高原可能扮演着夏季风过程陆地—海洋—大气相互作用的关键角色。中国区域低云量与总云量极值区均与青藏高原大江大河的源头(长江、澜沧江、雅鲁藏布江等)、中东部湖泊群与冰川集中区空间分布几乎吻合,这表明"亚洲水塔"形成的关键因素与"世界屋脊"特有的云降水结构不可分割。研究表明,青藏高原大气热源对局地与下游区域云降水过程水汽输送流型等均有显著影响。长江流域降水与全国低云量存在一个明显沿长江流域的带状高相关结构,充分表明长江流域降水与上游"亚洲水塔""热驱动"以及对流系统具有重要相关关系。从跨赤道经向环流的视角可发现,夏季南、北半球跨赤道气流低层强偏南、高层强偏北气流出现在东亚地区和北美区域两大地形对应的赤道区,这2个跨赤道极值区恰与青藏高原、落基山高原位置相对应。青藏高原纬向与经向环流圈结构与区域-全球大气环流相关机制,印证了"世界屋脊"隆起大地形的"热驱动"及其对流活动在全球能量、水分循环的作用。青藏高原特殊水汽三维结构分布和跨半球的纬向和经向大气垂直环流图表明青藏高原对全球尺度大气环流变化的贡献显著。文章进一步以东亚、全球水循环的视角,提出了青藏高原作为全球性大气"水塔"的观念,认为在高原地区一个水塔的"供水"和"蓄水"循环体系,特别是高原地表冰川、积雪和湖泊作为"蓄水池"系统,使得所有的河流可作为"输水管道",将"水塔"的水向周边区域输送出去,高层大气也提供向外输送的渠道。青藏高原特殊的跨半球大气水分循环可构建"世界水塔"与其周边地区独特的水文功能概念,综合描绘了青藏高原"世界水塔"及其地球上一个完整的行星尺度陆地—海洋—大气水分循环物理图像。 相似文献
3.
利用ERA40再分析资料,评估了参与国际耦合模式比较计划第五阶段的CCSM4模式对东亚夏季不同要素场的气候态和年际变化的模拟能力,并与第三阶段的CCSM3模式进行了对比。结果表明:1CCSM3和CCSM4均能较好地模拟出东亚夏季海平面气压、850hPa风场、500hPa高度场气候态的空间分布特征,总体来说,CCSM4对各要素的模拟效果更好;2虽然模式对东亚地区不同要素年际变率的模拟能力整体偏弱,但相对来说,CCSM4的模拟能力有不同程度的提高;3模式对副高、印度热低压的变化趋势有一定的模拟能力,但CCSM3对副高面积指数,印度热低压及印度热低压槽指数的模拟效果反而表现的更好。对于三种典型的东亚夏季风指数,虽然CCSM4的模拟能力较CCSM3有一定的提高,但也均不能模拟出东亚夏季风的变化特征。 相似文献
4.
气候类型作为一个地理学概念包含了综合性的气候信息,同时研究气候类型变化也是研究气候变化的重要方式。本文使用气候类型面积变化这一地理学指标来探讨中国1961-2010年年际和年代际气候变化特征,气候型的划分基于国际通用的柯本气候分类法,计算了东亚夏季风指数(EASMI)、南亚夏季风指数(SASMI)、夏季西风指数(SWI)、东亚冬季风指数(EAWMI)等指数,分析这些气候要素的强弱对各气候型面积变化的影响。研究结果显示:1中国大陆主要气候型为草原气候(Bs)、沙漠气候(Bw)、常湿温暖气候(Cf)、冬干温暖气候(Cw)、冬干冷温气候(Dw)和苔原气候(ET);2气候变化最为敏感的区域主要分布在天山以北地区,青藏高原西部,400mm等降水量线附近以及梅雨边缘区,年代际尺度的气候类型变化表现为整个中国出现变暖趋势,除南方地区外都出现变干趋势,年际尺度的各气候类型面积变化表现出明显的升温趋势,而未表现出明显的降水变化趋势;3东亚夏季风(EASM)主要影响沙漠气候(Bw)、常湿温暖气候(Cf)、夏干温暖气候(Cs),南亚夏季风(SASM)主要影响沙漠气候(Bw)、常湿冷温气候(Df)、夏干温暖气候(Cs),夏季西风(SW)主要影响苔原气候(ET)、常湿冷温气候(Df),东亚冬季风(EAWM)主要影响冬干冷温气候(Dw)、草原气候(Bs)、热带疏林草原气候(Aw)、夏干温暖气候(Cs),而其中对中国大陆气候影响区域最广,影响程度最明显的是东亚冬季风。 相似文献
5.
Huang Ronghui 《中国科学院院刊(英文版)》2009,23(4):222-225
The East Asian monsoon （EAM） system is an important circulation system in the global climate system, which features strong southwesterlies with wet air over East Asia in surruner and northwesterlies with dry air over North China, Northeast China, Korea and Japan and northeasterlies along the coast of Southeast China （e.g., Tao and Chen）. Influenced by the variations and anomalies of the EAM system, therefore, 相似文献
6.
Solar irradiance has been universally acknowledged to be dominant by quasi-decadal variability, which has been adopted frequently to investigate its effect on climate decadal variability. As one major terrestrial energy source, solar-wind energy flux into Earth''s magnetosphere (Ein) exhibits dramatic interannual variation, the effect of which on Earth''s climate, however, has not drawn much attention. Based on the Ein estimated by 3D magnetohydrodynamic simulations, we demonstrate a novelty that the annual mean Ein can explain up to 25% total interannual variance of the northern-hemispheric temperature in the subsequent boreal winter. The concurrent anomalous atmospheric circulation resembles the positive phase of Arctic Oscillation/North Atlantic Oscillation. The warm anomalies in the tropic stratopause and tropopause induced by increased solar-wind–magnetosphere energy persist into the subsequent winter. Due to the dominant change in the polar vortex and mid-latitude westerly in boreal winter, a ‘top-down’ propagation of the stationary planetary wave emerges in the Northern Hemisphere and further influences the atmospheric circulation and climate. 相似文献
7.
文章回顾了近年来关于东亚季风气候系统变异和我国重大气候灾害发生机理的研究进展。通过许多观测事实分析揭示了东亚季风系统的时空变化和异常特征;并且从分析、动力理论和数值模拟研究了热带海洋、干旱/半干旱地区的陆面过程和青藏高原雪盖变化对东亚季风系统的影响及其过程,提出"东亚季风气候系统"新概念和此系统内动力学机理,并从东亚季风气候系统的年际和年代际变异提出长江流域严重洪涝发生的气候学概念模型和华北持续干旱灾害发生的气候背景;此外,本文还提出关于东亚季风气候系统亟需研究的若干科学问题。 相似文献
8.
金沙江流域及邻近地区空中水资源的气候特征分析 总被引：4，自引：3，他引：1
本文研究了长江上游金沙江流域及邻近地区空中水资源的气候特征,主要结论如下:①金沙江流域大气可降水量具有明显的季节变化特征,冬季最低,夏季最高。流域主要位于高原东侧大气可降水量最大经向梯度带上,受到了高原大地形的显著影响;②冬、春季节金沙江流域水汽主要来源于中纬度偏西风水汽输送,高原南侧经过孟加拉湾北部的南支偏西风水汽的贡献尤其重要;夏季该流域上空水汽主要来源于孟加拉湾和南海、西太平洋地区;秋季则主要来源于南海、西太平洋地区;③20世纪60年代至今,金沙江流域的主要水汽源地、水汽输送通道上空大气可降水量总体呈增加趋势,尤其是20世纪90年代以来,上述区域上空增湿更是明显;1958年-2002年金沙江流域大部分地区夏季水汽输送总体呈增强趋势,主要由纬向输送增强所致;④近年来金沙江流域整体大气降水、径流量地增加以及极端天气气候事件的频繁发生都与空中水资源的变化密切相关。 相似文献
9.
青藏高原地表辐射的气候特征 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1
青藏高原由于条件艰苦,地面观测站点少,对其地表辐射整体特征的认识还较初步。本文利用全球能量与水分循环试验的地表辐射收支工程(GEWEX-SRB)提供的卫星资料反演的1983年7月到2005年6月的地表辐射资料,研究了青藏高原地表辐射的基本特征及云对辐射的影响。研究结果表明:①地表向下短波辐射全年均在高原西南部最大,在雅鲁藏布江下游最小;②地表向上短波辐射最大值主要出现在春季,而最小值出现的时间存在区域差异;③地表有效辐射全年均为正值,在高原西南部最大,东南部最小;④地表净辐射由南向北逐渐减少,夏季最大,冬季最小;⑤云的地表向下和向上短波辐射强迫均在高原东南部最大,西部最小;⑥云的地表向下长波辐射强迫在高原西部边缘地区最大,西南地区最小;⑦云的地表净辐射强迫春、夏季在整个高原均为负值,秋季在高原东南部为负值、西北部为正值,冬季在整个高原均为正值并且水平变化小。 相似文献
10.
Lian Xue Aijun Ding Owen Cooper Xin Huang Wuke Wang Derong Zhou Zhaohua Wu Audra McClure-Begley Irina Petropavlovskikh Meinrat O Andreae Congbin Fu 《国家科学评论(英文版)》2021,8(6)
Trans-Pacific transport of enhanced ozone plumes has been mainly attributed to fossil fuel combustion in Asia in spring, but less attention has been paid to vegetation fires in Asia. Here we show that the El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO)-modulated fires in Southeast Asia, rather than Asian fossil fuel plumes, dominate the interannual variability of springtime trans-Pacific transport of ozone across the entire North Pacific Ocean. During El Niño springs, the intensified fires from both the Indochinese Peninsula and Indonesia, together with large-scale circulation anomalies, result in enhanced ozone plumes that stretch over 15 000 km in both the lower-middle and upper troposphere. This enhancement is also observed in the in situ measurements of ozone concentration, with an almost 10% increase at Mauna Loa Observatory, Hawaii, a unique site to monitor the long-distance transport over the North Pacific. This study reports an unexpectedly strong influence of vegetation fires, linked with climate variability, on global tropospheric chemistry and proves once more how complex the interactions in the climate system are. 相似文献
11.
Tao Su Robert A Spicer Shi-Hu Li He Xu Jian Huang Sarah Sherlock Yong-Jiang Huang Shu-Feng Li Li Wang Lin-Bo Jia Wei-Yu-Dong Deng Jia Liu Cheng-Long Deng Shi-Tao Zhang Paul J Valdes Zhe-Kun Zhou 《国家科学评论(英文版)》2019,6(3):495
The uplift history of south-eastern Tibet is crucial to understanding processes driving the tectonic evolution of the Tibetan Plateau and surrounding areas. Underpinning existing palaeoaltimetric studies has been regional mapping based in large part on biostratigraphy that assumes a Neogene modernization of the highly diverse, but threatened, Asian biota. Here, with new radiometric dating and newly collected plant-fossil archives, we quantify the surface height of part of the south-eastern margin of Tibet in the latest Eocene (∼34 Ma) to be ∼3 km and rising, possibly attaining its present elevation (3.9 km) in the early Oligocene. We also find that the Eocene–Oligocene transition in south-eastern Tibet witnessed leaf-size diminution and a floral composition change from sub-tropical/warm temperate to cool temperate, likely reflective of both uplift and secular climate change, and that, by the latest Eocene, floral modernization on Tibet had already taken place, implying modernization was deeply rooted in the Palaeogene. 相似文献
12.
Honglin He Shaoqiang Wang Li Zhang Junbang Wang Xiaoli Ren Lei Zhou Shilong Piao Hao Yan Weimin Ju Fengxue Gu Shiyong Yu Yuanhe Yang Miaomiao Wang Zhongen Niu Rong Ge Huimin Yan Mei Huang Guoyi Zhou Yongfei Bai Zongqiang Xie Zhiyao Tang Bingfang Wu Leiming Zhang Nianpeng He Qiufeng Wang Guirui Yu 《国家科学评论(英文版)》2019,6(3):505
The carbon budgets in terrestrial ecosystems in China are strongly coupled with climate changes. Over the past decade, China has experienced dramatic climate changes characterized by enhanced summer monsoon and decelerated warming. However, the changes in the trends of terrestrial net ecosystem production (NEP) in China under climate changes are not well documented. Here, we used three ecosystem models to simulate the spatiotemporal variations in China''s NEP during 1982–2010 and quantify the contribution of the strengthened summer monsoon and warming hiatus to the NEP variations in four distinct climatic regions of the country. Our results revealed a decadal-scale shift in NEP from a downtrend of –5.95 Tg C/yr2 (reduced sink) during 1982–2000 to an uptrend of 14.22 Tg C/yr2 (enhanced sink) during 2000–10. This shift was essentially induced by the strengthened summer monsoon, which stimulated carbon uptake, and the warming hiatus, which lessened the decrease in the NEP trend. Compared to the contribution of 56.3% by the climate effect, atmospheric CO2 concentration and nitrogen deposition had relatively small contributions (8.6 and 11.3%, respectively) to the shift. In conclusion, within the context of the global-warming hiatus, the strengthening of the summer monsoon is a critical climate factor that enhances carbon uptake in China due to the asymmetric response of photosynthesis and respiration. Our study not only revealed the shift in ecosystem carbon sequestration in China in recent decades, but also provides some insight for understanding ecosystem carbon dynamics in other monsoonal areas. 相似文献
13.
《中国科学院院刊(英文版)》2010,24(1):7-8
The variability and dynamic mechanism of the East Asian monsoon climate is a major scientific puzzle in the exploration of global change. As early as in the late 1990s, a research team led by Prof. AN Zhisheng from the CAS Institute of Earth Environment started their work in this topic, with an objective of improving the hypothesis of monsoon-controlled East Asian environment and advancing the basic studies of past global changes in eastern Asia. 相似文献
14.
以青藏高原为核心的"第三极"是除南极和北极以外冰雪储量最大的地区,被称为"亚洲水塔",包括面积约1×10~5 km~2的冰川、总面积约5×10~4 km~2的湖泊和长江、黄河、雅鲁藏布江、印度河、恒河、湄公河、阿姆河、塔里木河等10多条亚洲大江大河的源头。"亚洲水塔"变化关系着中国的水资源利用以及"一带一路"地区众多国家的水安全。在气候变暖背景下,"亚洲水塔"正在发生以失衡为特征的剧烈变化。冰川加速退缩、湖泊整体显著扩张、冰川径流增加等过程都和"亚洲水塔"失衡密切相关。"亚洲水塔"的失衡变化导致了青藏高原及周边地区水资源和水灾害风险增加,出现了冰崩等新型灾害。这些变化也可以通过大气圈和水圈产生广域效应,进而和南极、北极变化协同联动,影响全球气候变化和水循环。第二次青藏高原综合科学考察研究聚焦于过去50年来"亚洲水塔"动态变化及其影响,与"泛第三极环境变化与绿色丝绸之路建设"专项实施一道,为我国资源环境重大战略需求和绿色"一带一路"发展,提出应对"亚洲水塔"变化与影响的科学对策和水资源规划管理及可持续发展的科学指导,以服务于全球生态环境保护、人类命运共同体建设。 相似文献
15.
青藏高原对我国、亚洲甚至北半球的人类生存环境和可持续发展起着重要的环境和生态屏障作用。以青藏高原为核心的第三极以及受其影响的东亚、南亚、中亚、西亚、中东欧等泛第三极地区,面积约2 000多万平方公里,涵盖20多个国家的30多亿人口,是"一带一路"的核心地带和全球人口分布最密集区。随着"一带一路"重大倡议的推进,泛第三极环境变化的重要性受到全球关注。泛第三极地区已经出现重大资源环境问题,如何保护这一地区资源环境的可持续性是"一带一路"建设实施面临的重大挑战。实施"泛第三极环境变化与绿色丝绸之路建设"专项,将从区域甚至全球尺度深入研究这一地区的资源环境科学问题,前瞻、科学地提出区域可持续发展协同应对战略,为"守护好世界上最后一方净土"和"一带一路"建设服务。 相似文献
16.
Cunde Xiao Zhiheng Du Mike J Handley Paul A Mayewski Junji Cao Simon Schüpbach Tong Zhang Jean-Robert Petit Chuanjin Li Yeongcheol Han Yuefang Li Jiawen Ren 《国家科学评论(英文版)》2021,8(7)
Mineral dust can indirectly affect the climate by supplying bioavailable iron (Fe) to the ocean. Here, we present the records of dissolved Fe (DFe) and total Fe (TDFe) in North Greenland Eemian Ice Drilling (NEEM) ice core over the past 110 kyr BP. The Fe records are significantly negatively correlated with the carbon-dioxide (CO2) concentrations during cold periods. The results suggest that the changes in Fe fluxes over the past 110 kyr BP in the NEEM ice core are consistent with those in Chinese loess records because the mineral-dust distribution is controlled by the East Asian deserts. Furthermore, the variations in the dust input on a global scale are most likely driven by changes in solar radiation during the last glacial–interglacial cycle in response to Earth''s orbital cycles. In the last glacial–interglacial cycle, the DFe/TDFe ratios were higher during the warm periods (following the post-Industrial Revolution and during the Holocene and last interglacial period) than during the main cold period (i.e. the last glacial maximum (LGM)), indicating that the aeolian input of iron and the iron fertilization effect on the oceans have a non-linear relationship during different periods. Although the burning of biomass aerosols has released large amounts of DFe since the Industrial Revolution, no significant responses are observed in the DFe and TDFe variations during this period, indicating that severe anthropogenic contamination has no significant effect on the DFe (TDFe) release in the NEEM ice core. 相似文献
17.
Ren Janzhang 《中国科学院研究生院学报》1999,(1)
１ＩｎｔｒｏｄｕｃｔｉｏｎＬｏｅｓｓｄｅｐｏｓｉｔｓａｒｅａｋｉｎｄｏｆｔｙｐｉｃａｌｔｅｒｒｅｓｔｒｉａｌｓｅｄｉｍｅｎｔｓｗｉｄｅｓｐｒｅａｄ,ｃｏｖｅｒｉｎｇａｂｏｕｔ１０ｐｅｒｃｅｎｔｏｆｌａｎｄｓｕｒｆａｃｅｏｆｔｈｅＥａｒｔｈ．Ｔｈｅｍａ... 相似文献
18.
气候变暖背景下中国西南干旱时空分异特征 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
基于相对湿润度的干旱指数,应用1958-2012年中国西南89个国家基本气象站逐日气象资料,研究中国西南干旱时域变化、空间分布和次区域时空演变特征。结果表明：1958-2012年西南平均干旱区域占总面积的30%左右,川西高原、川西南山地和云南中北部区域干旱发生频率在60%以上,大部分区域干旱强度呈增加趋势。EOF mode 1反映出西南区域干旱强度振荡的位相相同;云贵高原中部易出现异常干旱、振荡强度大且敏感。EOF mode 2特征向量场北部与南部呈反相位分型特征,其形成机制是南部片区的云南高原和贵州高原偏南地区主要受南亚季风影响,而北部片区的四川、重庆和贵州偏北地区主要受青藏高原季风、东亚季风的影响。依据REOF特征向量场结构类型,将研究区域划分为4个次区域;“川西高原异常型”干旱强度显著减弱,由干变湿的突变点在1987年。“四川北部异常型”干旱强度显著增强,由湿变干的突变点在1968年。“云南高原异常型”和“贵州高原异常型” 干旱指数均呈波动下降趋势,但未通过显著性检验。 相似文献
19.
《中国科学院院刊(英文版)》2008,22(3):190-190
The kick-off meeting for CEOPAEGIS, an international cooperation project between Europe and Asia to improve knowledge on hydrology and meteorology of the QinghaiTibet Plateau and its role in climate, monsoon and extreme meteorological events, was held from 26 April to 3 May at the CAS Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research （ITP） in Beijing. 相似文献
20.
Yonghong Song Dongdong Li Yang Lu Kun Jiang Yi Yang Yunjun Xu Liang Dong Xu Yan Daishun Ling Xianzhu Yang Shu-Hong Yu 《国家科学评论(英文版)》2020,7(4):723
As a non-invasive therapeutic method without penetration-depth limitation, magnetic hyperthermia therapy (MHT) under alternating magnetic field (AMF) is a clinically promising thermal therapy. However, the poor heating conversion efficiency and lack of stimulus–response obstruct the clinical application of magnetofluid-mediated MHT. Here, we develop a ferrimagnetic polyethylene glycol-poly(2-hexoxy-2-oxo-1,3,2-dioxaphospholane) (mPEG-b-PHEP) copolymer micelle loaded with hydrophobic iron oxide nanocubes and emodin (denoted as EMM). Besides an enhanced magnetic resonance (MR) contrast ability (r2 = 271 mM−1 s−1) due to the high magnetization, the specific absorption rate (2518 W/g at 35 kA/m) and intrinsic loss power (6.5 nHm2/kg) of EMM are dozens of times higher than the clinically available iron oxide nanoagents (Feridex and Resovist), indicating the high heating conversion efficiency. Furthermore, this composite micelle with a flowable core exhibits a rapid response to magnetic hyperthermia, leading to an AMF-activated supersensitive drug release. With the high magnetic response, thermal sensitivity and magnetic targeting, this supersensitive ferrimagnetic nanocomposite realizes an above 70% tumor cell killing effect at an extremely low dosage (10 μg Fe/mL), and the tumors on mice are completely eliminated after the combined MHT–chemotherapy. 相似文献