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标准必要专利是新一代信息技术等技术密集型行业竞争的核心。标准必要专利的有效许可和实施是实现经济数字化转型升级的重要驱动力。虽然国际标准组织提出了以FRAND原则为核心的标准必要专利许可实施的国际规则治理体系，但在FRAND原则内涵模糊且无强制约束力的情形下，以标准必要专利许可费确定为核心的诉讼纠纷席卷全球。为探寻FRAND许可费确定的影响因素，本研究从专利价值评估理论及司法实践中寻找突破方式，对FRAND许可费确定的影响因素从专利价值确定的商业因素、技术因素和法律因素三个维度进行理论探讨，然后选取17个国内外典型案例进行实证研究，分析各因素的可行性及适用难点。研究发现：考量频率由高到低依次为：商业因素、技术因素、法律因素。商业因素中，可对比的许可是首选方式。技术因素中，专利对产品的技术贡献、专利对标准技术能力的贡献是次优方式，而专利胜过可替代技术的效用和优势、替代技术方案的实施成本因操作难度太高而缺乏参考意义。法律因素难以定量，故参考意义较小，但可为计算方法的选择、禁令救济的限制等提供参考。基于以上结论，本文为确定FRAND许可费提供了针对性建议。 相似文献
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我国专利许可市场中的主要障碍是难以确定合理的专利许可费.其中,影响专利许可费高低的诸多因素是专利许可谈判双方必须考量的一个关键环节.现有法律制度对专利许可费有所涉及,但对实践指导意义不大.本文以专利许可活动为中心,围绕专利法和合同法,对专利许可费影响因素做深度探讨,分析一般和特殊情形下专利许可费的取值范围,剖析专利许可费影响因素在法务中的表现,指出现有法律条款的不足,并最终提出相应的解决思路为我国专利许可事业献智献策. 相似文献
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为规制标准必要专利中的专利反向劫持(FRAND劫持),促进标准必要专利更好地运用于市场,从FRAND劫持的本质属性出发,探索其与普通专利侵权存在的不同之处,并考察美国、德国规制FRAND劫持的实践.研究认为,FRAND劫持本质上属于专利侵权行为,但是对其进行规制需要考虑标准的属性、专利权人作出的FRAND承诺等,再结合具体事实加以确定.对FRAND劫持的规制包括禁令救济和损害赔偿,其实施既要保护专利权人的合法利益,又要维护标准实施者和消费者的利益.借鉴国外经验,结合我国具体情况,提出在标准必要专利信息对称层面,建立、完善标准必要专利信息披露制度和标准必要专利许可使用费相对公开机制;在标准必要专利侵权救济层面,通过审查标准实施者是否恶意决定禁令的实施,采用技术分摊规则、比较许可协议等综合考量确定专利侵权损害赔偿. 相似文献
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专利权人在向标准组织申请将其专利写入标准时,通常需要披露专利并遵循"公平、合理和非歧视(FRAND)"许可原则,但是FRAND原则充满模糊性。如何理解和适用FRAND原则直接关系到技术标准的推广和创新的激励。以我国近期发生的4起标准必要专利案件为例,分析我国如何解释与适用FRAND原则,以明确我国对标准必要专利许可的专利政策。 相似文献
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专利挟持存在标准化前欺骗或不披露专利信息,标准化后索要许可费;标准化后不遵守FRAND规则,索要高额许可费;标准化后专利权人滥用专利禁止令等多种表现形式。美国和欧盟均是在滥用市场支配地位的框架下规制专利挟持行为,但两者存在高低不同的违法证明标准,同时和解制度在实践中得到广泛运用。我国对专利挟持的反垄断规制,应当在滥用市场支配地位的框架下,选择低违法证明标准,充分发挥和解制度的作用。 相似文献
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＂许可＂是知识产权交易的主要方式。在＂标準必要专利＂（Standard-Essential PatentS,下称SEP专利）出现之前,许可从法律性质上可分为＂一般许可＂和＂强制许可＂。1随着技术及经济全球化的不斷发展,SEP专利应运而生;并由此产生SEP专利的许可及与之相关的争议。此类争议常涉及所谓FRAND（Fair,Reasonable and Non-discriminatoryTermS）条款的适用问题。主要体现在两个方面：一是对SEP专利许可法律性质的认识;二是如何适用FRAND条款。 相似文献
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论标准必要专利持有人与标准实施者关系的处理 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
本文首先分析了专利权的私权属性和标准的公共、强制属性。之后,基于近年来国内外涉及标准的专利诉讼、反垄断热点案件讨论了标准必要专利持有人与标准实施者关系及其处理。在此基础上,总结并提出了:首先,不宜基于标准专利的强制实施性理解为标准专利持有人对标准实施者的当然许可;其次,不宜允许标准必要专利持有人利用标准必要专利对标准实施者提起禁售要求;最后,结合三星与苹果的全球专利诉讼现状和我国商务部在两起并购案中的反垄断审查决定,提出标准必要专利持有人与标准实施者较佳处理专利争端的解决方式。即标准实施者应积极寻求标准必要专利持有人的许可,标准必要专利持有人应基于FRAND原则给予标准实施者以许可。 相似文献
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为规制标准必要专利中的FRAND劫持,促进标准必要专利更好地运用于市场,本文从FRAND劫持的本质属性出发,探索其与普通专利侵权存在的不同之处。在此基础上,借鉴美国、德国规制FRAND劫持的实践,结合我国具体情况提出建议。在标准必要专利信息对称层面,建立、完善标准必要专利信息披露制度和标准必要专利许可使用费相对公开机制;在标准必要专利侵权救济层面,通过审查标准实施者是否恶意决定禁令的实施,采用技术分摊规则、比较许可协议等综合考量确定专利侵权损害赔偿。 相似文献
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《中国科学院院刊(英文版)》2008,22(1):2-3
CAS should stick to the principle of rendering service to, and giving impetus for, the development of China＇s science enterprise by making S＆T innovations, said CAS President LU Yongxiang. The CAS president made the remarks in a recent talk to communicate the gist of the winter session of the Party＇s Leading-member Group at CAS, which was held from 7 to 11 January in Beijing. 相似文献
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Marjorie Armstrong-Stassen Margaret Landstrom Ramona Lumpkin 《The Information Society》1998,14(2):153-164
This study examined how students who had no prior experience with videoconferencing would react to the use of videoconferencing as an instructional medium. Students enrolled in seven different courses completed a questionnaire at the beginning of the semester and again at the end of the semester. Students at the origination and remote sites did not differ in their reactions toward videoconferencing but there was a significant difference for gender. Women reacted less favorably to videoconferencing. Compared to the beginning of the semester, students reported significantly less positive attitudes toward taking a course through videoconferencing at the end of the semester. There were no significant differences in students' attitudes toward videoconferencing across courses at the beginning of the semester but there were significant differences across the courses at the end of the semester. The results suggest the need for better preparation for both students and instructors. 相似文献
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《中国科学院院刊(英文版)》2008,22(1)
With great care, Dr. ZHOU Zhonghe takes out a package wrapped by cotton tissue from a drawer and says: "This is the gem of our collections: the fossil of a bird that lived 125 million years ago!" Then, pointing at a tiny mound, he explains: "Look, this is the claw and that is the head. It was in the egg shell and ready to hatch ... The species fell into a family of waterside inhabitants." 相似文献
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A joint study by Prof. ZHANG Zhibin from the CAS Institute of Zoology his co-workers from Norway US Swiss have indicated that historical outbreaks of migratory locusts in China were associated with cold spells suggesting that China's projected climate warming could decrease the pest's numbers. The study was published in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences on September .…… 《中国科学院院刊(英文版)》2008,22(1):6-7
Ajoint study by Prof. ZHANG Zhibin from the CAS Institute of Zoology and his co-workers from Norway, US and Swiss have indicated that historical outbreaks of migratory locusts in China were associated with cold spells, suggesting that China＇s projected climate warming could decrease the pest＇s numbers. The study was published in Proceedings of theNational Academy of Sciences on 17 September, 2007. 相似文献
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Caroline Haythornthwaite 《The Information Society》2001,17(3):211-226
A computer-mediated group is a complex entity whose members exchange many types of information via multiple means of communication in pursuit of goals specific to their environment. Over time, they coordinate technical features of media with locally enacted use to achieve a viable working arrangement. To explore this complex interaction, a case study is presented of the social networks of interactions and media use among members of a class of computer-supported distance learners. Results show how group structures associated with project teams dominated who communicated with whom, about what, and via which media over the term, and how media came to occupy their own communication niches: Webboard for diffuse class-wide communication; Internet Relay Chat more to named others but still for general communication across the class; and e-mail primarily for intrateam communication. Face-to-face interaction, occurring only during a short on-campus session, appears to have had a catalytic effect on social and emotional exchanges. Results suggest the need to structure exchanges to balance class-wide sharing of ideas with subgroup interactions that facilitate project completion, and to provide media that support these two modes of interaction. 相似文献
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Electronic data interchange (EDI) provides means for interorganizational communication, creates network externalities, requires an advanced information technology (IT) infrastructure, and relies on standards. In the diffusion of such innovations, institutional involvement is imperative. Such institutions contain governmental agencies, national and global standardization organizations, local government, and nonprofit private organizations like industry associations. The last type of organizations we call intermediating institutions. They intermediate or coordinate ("inscribe") the activities of a group of would-be adopters. Unfortunately, little is known of how these organizations shape the EDI diffusion trajectory. In this article we examine one specific type of intermediating organizations?industry associations?and how they advanced the EDI diffusion process in the grocery sectors of Hong Kong, Denmark and Finland. We identify six institutional measures, placed into a matrix formed by the mode of involvement (influence vs. regulation) and the type of diffusion force (supply push vs. demand pull), that can be mobilized to further the EDI diffusion. Industry associations were found to be active users of all these measures to varying degrees. Their role was critical especially in knowledge building, knowledge deployment, and standard setting. Furthermore, institutional involvement varied due to policy and cultural contingencies and power dependencies. 相似文献
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Puay Tang 《The Information Society》1998,14(1):19-31
The increasing prospects of digital piracy has prompted the perceived need by electronic publishers to adopt technical systems of protection, and governments to reform their copyright laws. This article is a preliminary study of the management of intellectual property by electronic publishers, defined as those involved in the production of online databases, and CD-ROMs. It focuses on three main issues: (1) how electronic publishers view the increasing threat of piracy; (2) the methods of protection employed to protect intellectual property in digital format; and (3) the importance of technological protection of intellectual property in electronic publications. The analysis is based on a sample of 23 UK electronic publishers. The interviews revealed an interesting assortment of protection methods and did not show that technological protection was a preferred way. Instead, the means of protection, in addition to copyright law, comprised niche markets, pricing, trust, bad publicity, and nontechnical and technical means. 相似文献
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Milton Mueller 《The Information Society》2001,17(3):151-163
Long-standing conflict between domain name registrants and trademark holders prompted the Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN) to create a global, mandatory arbitration procedure known as the Uniform Dispute Resolution Policy (UDRP). The UDRP has been used in 2166 cases involving 3938 domain names as of 1 November 2000. The policy gives the initiator of a complaint, generally a trademark holder, the right to choose which ICANN-accredited dispute resolution service provider (RSP) will handle the case. During the preparation of the UDRP,some feared that complainant selection would lead to "forum shopping" that might bias the results. This article performs a statistical assessment of the forum-shopping thesis and finds support for it. There are statistically significant differences in the various RSPs' propensity to take away names from defendants; there are also major differences in the number of cases brought to each RSP. RSPs who take away names have the larger share of cases. The study examines other variables that might explain differences in market share, such as price, the plaintiff's nationality, or the time taken to decide a case. It finds that nationality and time also are correlated with market share. The study concludes that shopping for a favorable outcome is an important factor in the UDRP. 相似文献
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Prof. Raymond C.K. Chen a neuropsychologist with the CAS Institute of Psychology has made novel progress in his studies of schizophrenia. His work has been reported by a recent issue of Behavioural Neurology.…… 《中国科学院院刊(英文版)》2008,22(1):15-15
Prof. Raymond C.K. Chen, a neuropsychologist with the CAS Institute of Psychology, has made novel progress in his studies of schizophrenia. His work has been reported by a recent issue of Behavioural Neurology. 相似文献
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Prof. SUN Changpu from the CAS Institute of Theoretical Physics coworkers from University of Basel in Switzerland have worked out a way - at least in theory - to split a beam of molecules according to their chirality. The technique involves passing the molecules through three different laser beams is similar to the famous Stern-Gerlach effect whereby a beam of atoms passing through a magnetic field is split in two according to the atoms' spin states 《中国科学院院刊(英文版)》2008,22(1):23-23
Prof. SUN Changpu from the CAS Institute of Theoretical Physics and coworkers from University of Basel in Switzerland have worked out a way --at least in theory --to split a beam of molecules according to their chirality. The technique involves passing the molecules through three different laser beams and is similar to the famous Stern-Gerlach effect, whereby a beam of atoms passing through a magnetic field is split in two according to the atoms＇ spin states （Phys. Rev. Lett. 99 130403）. 相似文献