共查询到17条相似文献，搜索用时 453 毫秒
1.
运动心理学界将运动员在重大比赛中技术发挥失常的现象称为＂Choking＂现象,并将其定义为：在压力条件下,一种习惯的运动执行过程发生衰变的现象。通常发生在比赛的关键时刻或重大比赛中,主要表现为运动员在压力增加的情况下发生了一些不该发生的失误。该定义不仅描述了运动成绩下降的结果,而且着重反映了运动的过程。＂Choking＂现象不仅会发生在高级运动员中,一般选手也会受其威胁。在面对金牌压力时,常常显得束手无策。探讨竞赛中运动员＂Choking＂现象的心理机制,对于我们解释优秀运动员在关键时刻失误,预防和减少该现象的发生以及促进我国竞技体育事业的蓬勃发展都具有重大的现实意义。 相似文献
2.
运动心理学关注的热点问题 :竞赛中的 Choking现象竞赛中的“Choking”描述比赛关键时刻运动员的技术发生衰变的现象 ,主要由于增加的努力引起注意的改变而破坏了习惯的运动方式。在当前的重大国际比赛中 ,越来越多的运动员因为“Choking”而失去了冠军的头衔。因此 ,“Choking”现象逐渐引起了心理学家的关注。有关“Choking”现象的研究可追逆到 1972年 ,是由孟斐斯州立大学的一名硕士研究生逖裴绨(Tippett)完成的。在这个研究中 ,他第一次用“Choking”来描述成绩下降。但遗憾的是 ,逖裴绨的研究成果在当时并没有得到发表。直到 1981… 相似文献
3.
"Choking"是一种心理现象,定义为习惯的运动执行过程发生衰变的现象,主要发生在比赛的关键时刻或重大比赛中.压力下的"Choking"用来描述运动员在比赛的关键时刻或重大比赛中发生运动成绩下降的现象.运用 "Choking"过程理论,对第28届奥运会中国男子体操队成绩出现"反常"的现象进行了分析.从"Choking"影响因素的过程模式观点,认为中国男子体操队惜败第28届奥运会主要与8个方面的因素有关金牌压力有关的比赛的重要性;比赛过程中运动员失利的相互影响;首次采用6-3-3新赛制;年轻运动员缺乏大赛的经验;现代竞技体操比赛的高技术含量增加;比赛压力应对策略;比赛对手的压力;过去比赛失误的经历.提出了存在的问题和3个今后研究的方向. 相似文献
4.
王进 《体育科技文献通报》2005,13(5)
竞赛中的"Choking"描述比赛关键时刻运动员的技术发生衰变的现象,主要由于增加的努力引起注意的改变而破坏了习惯的运动方式。在当前的重大国际比赛中,越来越多的运动员因为"Choking"而失去了冠军的头衔。因此,"Choking"现象逐渐引起了心理学家的关注。有关"Choking"现象的研究可追溯到1972年,是由孟斐斯州立大学的一名硕士研究生逖裴绨(Tippett)完成的。在这个研究中,他第一次用"Choking"来描述成绩下降。但遗憾的是,逖裴绨的研究成果在当时并没有得到发表。直到1981年,丹尼尔(Daniel)在《学校教练》上发表了一篇名为"Choke:你能做什么"的文章,才引起了心理学家的注 相似文献
5.
本研究对上海女足13名运动员进行半结构式访谈，在运动员了解Choking现象的基础上，让运动员描述比赛Choking的过程，从而探究女足运动员发生比赛Choking的心理机制。从访谈结果来看，运动员发生Choking的主要原因是面对比赛压力时受到各种因素的干扰，导致其注意力不能很好地集中在比赛上，干扰信息导致其技术动作的自动化过程受阻，在压力认知和决策的执行动态过程中，由于受到多元因素的影响最终发生Choking。通过对访谈结果进行归纳分析，共归纳出26个原始数据主题，进一步总结出9个高级主题，在9个高级主题的基础上归纳出3个概括性维度，分别是压力来源、压力下的反应以及压力导致的结果，这3个概括性维度对应了Choking的诱因、Choking的表现和 Choking的结果。由此得出以下结论：女足运动员发生Choking的心理机制是赛前来自各方面的干扰因素引发了运动员比赛时生理和心理上的Choking表现，最终导致技战术发挥失常，女足运动员比赛Choking的现象会在队友之间相互“传染”。 相似文献
6.
根据"Choking"理论,研究把篮球运动的比赛情景和技能水平作为观察的要素,对运动员"Choking"的体验进行探索,旨在为"Choking" 现象研究提供运动项目实证的解释数据.通过开放性问卷,对97名篮球运动员进行询问调查,定性分析结果发现,篮球比赛中常发生的失误有7种情景,其中,在这些情景中运动员体验最多的是过度紧张、急躁、焦虑、沮丧和额外努力.再根据篮球运动员的训练年限、年龄及运动员的技术等级,把97名篮球运动员分为高、中、初级运动员,并对不同技术等级的运动员在比赛中的"Choking"体验进行分析,结果表明,高级运动员额外努力引起的"Choking"现象为第一位,其次为急躁;中级运动员为过度紧张引起的"Choking"现象为第一位,其次为焦虑;初级运动员为过度紧张引起的"Choking"现象为第一位,其次为急躁,再是焦虑.同时,对高、中、初级运动员发生在比赛中"Choking"体验进行区别的卡方检验.结果显示,高级运动员的"Choking"体验与中、初级篮球运动员存在显著性差异.进一步调查表明,高级运动员额外"努力"是造成"Choking"的主要原因. 相似文献
7.
采用现场实验法,以78 名篮球运动员和30 名普通大学二年级生为被试,设计3 个连续的试验来研究压力下运动员“Choking”现象的心理
机制。研究1 测试不同注意指向下专家与新手的运动表现差异;研究2 测试观察压力下运动员的“Choking”现象;研究3 测试压力下运动员的
“Choking”与人格特质的关系。试验研究结果与研究假设基本相符,并对研究结果进行理论分析。 相似文献
8.
9.
现代运动竞赛中,运动员在关键时刻以先赢后输的形式丢掉冠军的现象越来越多,心理学上称之为压力下的“choking”,并定义为压力条件下一种习惯的运动执行过程发生技术衰败的现象。本文在综述竞赛中“choking”现象的定义及其理论解释的基础上,探讨了“choking”现象发生的机制及其原因,寻找其预防措施,并分析目前有关“choking”的心理学研究存在的问题及今后研究的方向。旨在引起教练员、体育工作者的足够重视,为提高运动员的竞赛成绩提供参考。 相似文献
10.
竞赛压力对运动技术效应的理论探讨 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
研究从运动项目技术要求特征来分析"Choking"发生的机制,目的在于解释运动员在竞赛的压力下为什么付出了努力却发生了"Choking"的现象.研究运用"项群理论"分类的方法,把运动项目分为体能类为主的运动项目和技能类为主的运动项目.在此基础上,进一步根据"Choking"的过程理论,分析了这两类运动项目中努力和技术要求的分配问题.研究结论认为,在竞赛压力的条件下,运动员增加的努力对不同技术含量的运动执行效应是不同的.具体地讲,努力会有助于提高技术含量相对较少的运动项目,但是会有害于技术含量相对较多的运动项目. 相似文献
11.
《International review of sport and exercise psychology》2013,6(1):176-201
ABSTRACTChoking under pressure describes suboptimal sport performance in stressful situations, which has led to two fundamental ‘choking’ models: distraction and self-focus. The purpose of this review was to provide an overview of empirical studies that have tested interventions used to alleviate choking. The systematic review includes 47 empirical studies published up to April 2017, including experimental, quasi-experimental, and single-case studies with athletes. These studies encompassed a variety of interventions (n?=?13) that were either distraction based or self-focus based. In addition, a third group – acclimatisation interventions – was identified. The results indicate that, in general, choking interventions based on both choking models and on acclimatisation provide a benefit to performance under pressure. The most reported effective interventions were pre-performance routines, quiet eye training, left-hand contractions, and acclimatisation training. The use of dual task was beneficial for performance under pressure but harmful when used in training. Mixed evidence was found for analogy learning, and null effects were reported for goal setting, neurofeedback training, and reappraisal cues. These results may help athletes and coaches select and implement effective strategies and methods to improve performance under pressure. 相似文献
12.
《International review of sport and exercise psychology》2013,6(1):24-39
Choking under pressure is a pejorative colloquial term (Clark, Tofler, & Lardon, 2005) used to describe a sub-optimal sporting performance under stressful conditions. In order to prevent its occurrence and enable performers to achieve their potential under pressure, a full understanding of the phenomenon is necessary. By reviewing critically the contemporary research, the aim of the paper is to examine the suggested mechanisms and potential moderators of choking in sport, and consider the interventions designed to alleviate it. In addition, the conceptual and methodological concerns that exist within the choking literature will be presented, and directions for future research that address such concerns will be recommended. 相似文献
13.
The influence of audience and monetary reward on the putting kinematics of expert and novice golfers
We investigated changes in movement kinematics and attentional focus when expert and novice golfers performed a golf-putting task under pressure. Six male professional golfers and five male novice golfers performed 100 acquisition trials, followed by 10 trials in the pressure condition with a performance-contingent cash reward and small audience. After the 10 trials in the pressure condition, participants answered a questionnaire concerning attentional focus during both types of trial, including such aspects as conscious control of movements and the effects of distraction. A pressure manipulation check revealed a modest increase in physiological arousal, in that heart rate increased by about 10 bpm although state anxiety did not increase. A two-dimensional analysis of movement kinematics revealed that the amplitudes of arm and club movements decreased on the backswing in the pressure condition. Arm and club movement speed decreased on the foreswing in both experts and novices. Furthermore, neither experts nor novices changed their attentional focus in the pressure condition. Whereas previous studies of "choking under pressure" focused on attentional changes, the kinematic changes found in the present study were possibly caused by the influences of strategy modification and/or emotional response. Choking phenomena can be explained by attentional changes, along with the influences of strategy modification and/or emotional response under pressure. 相似文献
14.
优秀运动员Choking现象的个案研究 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
通过目的性抽样选择一名高级射击运动员作为研究对象,对个案进行深入、动态、全景的了解,揭示了高级运动员Chok ing现象产生的心理因素。研究结果认为:高级运动员是因为努力于将注意力集中在比赛过程而导致Chok ing现象发生;运动员过强的自我意识、不合理的自我定向目标和较低的比赛效能感是产生Chok ing现象的主要因素;自我意识影响目标设置,目标设置影响比赛效能感,三因素间相互联系;状态焦虑不是高级运动员发生Chok ing现象的原因。 相似文献
15.
Whether self-presentation is involved in the choking process remains unknown. The purpose of the current study was to determine the role of self-presentation concerns on the frequency of choking within the context of a recently proposed self-presentation model. Experienced field hockey players (N = 45) were randomly assigned to one of five groups (i.e., performance-contingent monetary incentive, video camera placebo, video camera self-presentation, audience, or combined pressure), before taking penalty strokes in low- and high-pressure phases. Results indicated that groups exposed to self-presentation manipulations experienced choking, whereas those receiving motivational pressure treatments decreased anxiety and increased performance under pressure. Furthermore, cognitive state anxiety mediated the relationship between the self-presentation group and performance. These findings provide quantitative support for the proposed self-presentation model of choking, while also holding implications for anxiety manipulations in future sport psychology research. 相似文献
16.
《International review of sport and exercise psychology》2013,6(1):49-69
ABSTRACTTwo dominant explanations of choking under pressure – self-focus and distraction – have been enduringly presented as competing mechanisms of motor skill failure under performance stress. Dual-task experiments designed to simultaneously assess both mechanisms have often favoured self-focus, whereas qualitative research and examinations of gaze behaviour suggest that distraction plays a role. Though both mechanisms remain plausible, several reviews of the choking literature have side-stepped how autonomous motor skill failure would play out under a distraction-based model or a dual-mechanism model. In this discussion, we contend that persistent experimental focus on the brief moments of motor execution, without adequate consideration of diverse preparatory cognitive activities that also characterise sporting expertise, has delayed understanding of distraction’s involvement. With an expanded scope in mind, we critically review the evidence for both mechanisms and describe how distraction alone or distraction in combination with self-focus might derail an expert motor skill under pressure. Different suggestions are made for self-paced and externally paced sports given their different attentional challenges. 相似文献
17.
“自我批判”指个体为了保护自尊而朝向规避负面可能性结果的心理倾向,反映了个体高标准的“自我关注”。运用飞镖任务的“Choking”实验范式,把“自我批判”作为内源性中介变量,观察其在压力下运动表现的作用解释机制。对50名大学生运动员进行“自我批判”的人格测试,并分别在无压力和压力条件下完成飞镖投掷任务的测试,所得数据通过SPSS 24.0和Process 3.0进行统计分析。研究发现,“自我批判”倾向的被试在压力条件下表现了“自我关注”的认知压力(β=0.50,P<0.001);同时,其“Choking”表现也随之增加(β=0.35,P<0.01)。因此,“自我批判”作为“Choking”的内源性诱因,具有部分的中介作用机制解释,其解释变异的效应占25%。 相似文献