共查询到18条相似文献，搜索用时 406 毫秒
1.
采用现场实验法，以78 名篮球运动员和30 名普通大学二年级生为被试，设计3 个连续的试验来研究压力下运动员“Choking”现象的心理
机制。研究1 测试不同注意指向下专家与新手的运动表现差异；研究2 测试观察压力下运动员的“Choking”现象；研究3 测试压力下运动员的
“Choking”与人格特质的关系。试验研究结果与研究假设基本相符，并对研究结果进行理论分析。 相似文献
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竞赛中Choking现象(指在感知的压力下,由于焦虑水平的升高导致运动执行过程发生严重衰退)时有发生.当前主要有干扰模式、自我关注模式及过程理论模式解释其发生机制,观众及其期望、竞争、可能的报酬、自我意识、特质焦虑、应对方式、运动员的期望和预期、任务特征等是引起Choking现象的因素.尽管提出大量有关Choking干预的措施和建议,仍有待进一步实证检验.在此基础上,指出当前研究的局限性和未来的研究方向. 相似文献
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青少年射击运动员"Choking"心理机制模型建构 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
基于"Choking"过程理论和以往研究结论,为建立"Choking"心理机制的概念模型,通过对11名专业青少年射击运动员在人为设置压力情景下获得的数据,利用结构方程模型软件LISREL 8.54进行路径分析,结果表明:(1)积极应对、个人自我意识、竞赛特质焦虑、期待取胜和自我效能感是"Choking"现象产生的关键因素,能有效预测"Choking"现象的发生;(2)竞赛特质焦虑、期待取胜、自我取向和任务取向对回避应对方式产生显著性效应;(3)积极应对与回避应对均不是外源变量产生"Choking"现象的中介变量. 相似文献
4.
运动心理学界将运动员在重大比赛中技术发挥失常的现象称为＂Choking＂现象,并将其定义为：在压力条件下,一种习惯的运动执行过程发生衰变的现象。通常发生在比赛的关键时刻或重大比赛中,主要表现为运动员在压力增加的情况下发生了一些不该发生的失误。该定义不仅描述了运动成绩下降的结果,而且着重反映了运动的过程。＂Choking＂现象不仅会发生在高级运动员中,一般选手也会受其威胁。在面对金牌压力时,常常显得束手无策。探讨竞赛中运动员＂Choking＂现象的心理机制,对于我们解释优秀运动员在关键时刻失误,预防和减少该现象的发生以及促进我国竞技体育事业的蓬勃发展都具有重大的现实意义。 相似文献
5.
压力下的"Choking":运动竞赛中努力的反常现象及相关因素 总被引：25，自引：3，他引：22
压力下的“Choking”用来描述运动员在比赛的关键时刻或在重大比赛中发生运动成绩下降的现象。“Choking”与通常所说的“比赛失常”是完全不同的概念。“Choking”是一种心理现象 ,定义为习惯的运动执行过程发生衰变的现象 ,主要与努力有关。但是 ,这样的努力并不能帮助运动员提高或保持成绩。这是因为增加的努力通常会引起意识控制运动过程。而这种意识控制会破坏已有技术的自动执行 ,导致习惯的运动过程发生衰变。采用 3个研究来揭示运动中的“Choking”现象。研究 1测试意识控制运动过程引起运动成绩下降 ;研究 2测试压力增加自我注意引起的成绩下降 ;研究 3测试自我意识和特质性焦虑 ,预测压力下的成绩。对上述 3个研究发现进行理论讨论。 相似文献
6.
选取72名专业篮球运动员作为被试，测试前二天完成特质焦虑量表，以获取运动员特质焦虑水平。实验采用平衡实验法，所有被试分别在低压和高压条件下完成10次投篮。实验结果表明：①压力条件可使运动员产生“Choking”；②在压力条件下，特质焦虑高的运动员，伴随的状态焦虑较高；③在压力条件下，特质焦虑高的运动员更容易产生“Choking”。 相似文献
7.
本研究对上海女足13名运动员进行半结构式访谈，在运动员了解Choking现象的基础上，让运动员描述比赛Choking的过程，从而探究女足运动员发生比赛Choking的心理机制。从访谈结果来看，运动员发生Choking的主要原因是面对比赛压力时受到各种因素的干扰，导致其注意力不能很好地集中在比赛上，干扰信息导致其技术动作的自动化过程受阻，在压力认知和决策的执行动态过程中，由于受到多元因素的影响最终发生Choking。通过对访谈结果进行归纳分析，共归纳出26个原始数据主题，进一步总结出9个高级主题，在9个高级主题的基础上归纳出3个概括性维度，分别是压力来源、压力下的反应以及压力导致的结果，这3个概括性维度对应了Choking的诱因、Choking的表现和 Choking的结果。由此得出以下结论：女足运动员发生Choking的心理机制是赛前来自各方面的干扰因素引发了运动员比赛时生理和心理上的Choking表现，最终导致技战术发挥失常，女足运动员比赛Choking的现象会在队友之间相互“传染”。 相似文献
8.
我国体操运动员"Choking"体验及归因的调查 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
研究采用定性和定量相结合的研究方法,对我国体操运动员比赛过程中"Choking"的体验和归因进行调查,旨在探索体操运动员比赛过程中"Choking"的表现特征和解释机制.研究以"Choking"过程理论模式为设计思路,组成2个相对独立的质性调查.调查1主要探索体操运动员"Choking"过程中的体验,调查2基于调查1的发现进一步探索其体验的归因解释.采用开放式问卷,通过随机抽取的118名现役体操运动员调查信息的编码整理、文献、语言分析和数理统计研究发现,体操运动员"choking"时,分别在行为、思维和情感3个方面表现出了14种特征,其中,行为方面主要表现为动作失去流畅的特征;思维方面表现出思维抑制、否认、幻想、接受和合理解释等特征;情感方面的特征则表现在诧异与惊讶、情感宣泄、失助性反应、后悔、自责、负罪感、焦虑和低的自我效能等体验上.进一步对信息数据的百分比统计显示,情感方面的特征最为突出,占总信息量的80.85%.调查2对体操运动员"Choking"体验的归因进行分析.根据Weiner的归因三维度模式对运动员开放性问卷中"Choking"的归因信息数据进行分类发现,体操运动员对于"Choking"的归因主要有6方面由部位×稳定性×控制性多维组合的归因,并且主要与内部非稳定的因素有关,特别是与压力状态下过度的努力有关.进一步对问卷中不同运动技术等级运动员的归因方式的频数进行卡方检验发现,不同技术等级运动员在归因方式上存在显著性差异(卡方值χ-31.329,df=15,P=0.008<0.01).同时,对6个失误归因方式的差异进行考察.结果表明,不同技术等级运动员在内部×不稳定×可控(卡方值χ=8.297,df=3,P=0.04<0.05)和内部×不稳定×不可控(卡方值χ2=11.809,df=3,P=O.008<0.01)两个归因维度上均存在显著效应.健将级和一级运动员,内部不稳定因素的归因高于二级和三级及以下的运动员. 相似文献
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对国内47篇“Choking”研究论文的特征进行了分析,结果表明：与国际研究相比,国内研究起步较晚,整体研究水平较低;非实证研究居多,实证研究较少;潜在影响因素探讨较多,内在机制分析较少;研究项目分布较广,Choking操作定义界定不清。国内研究主要不足表现为实证研究缺乏理论导向,Choking现象本质探讨不足,预防干预研究较少。 相似文献
11.
基于“习得无助”理论的“动机缺乏模式”和“功能缺乏模式”发展一个体育竞赛的努力缺乏综合模式，通过实验设计验证6个理论假设。80名体育专业学生参加一个投篮对抗，决定胜负，然后，再参加一个投掷飞镖的任务。对被试的朝向认知活动、后续朝向状态、后续努力与第二任务成绩的关系进行分析。结果发现，失败的被试比成功被试更关注结果引起的原因，同时，对后续控制感更低；当归因倾向非控制因素时，后续努力变得下降。另外，归因的方式对后续努力和投标成绩都有影响。 相似文献
12.
Nibbeling N Daanen HA Gerritsma RM Hofland RM Oudejans RR 《Journal of sports sciences》2012,30(1):11-19
State anxiety is known to affect far aiming tasks, but less is known about the effects of state anxiety on running and aiming while running. Therefore, in the current study participants ran on a treadmill at their preferred speed in a low- and high-anxiety condition. In both conditions, running was combined with dart throwing in the last minutes. Results showed that attention shifted away from task execution with elevated levels of anxiety. Furthermore, gait patterns were more conservative and oxygen uptake was higher with anxiety. In addition, performance and efficiency on the dart throwing task also decreased with anxiety. These findings are in line with attentional control theory and provide an indication that state anxiety not only affects aiming tasks but also tasks that rely heavily on the aerobic system. Moreover, findings indicate that when combined, running, aiming, and anxiety all compete for attention leading to suboptimal attentional control and possibly a decrease in performance. 相似文献
13.
The game of darts attracts a large international following and can be fiercely competitive. Despite its popularity, and the large equipment market, no previous peer-reviewed studies have examined the trajectory of a dart in flight. This study used high-speed video techniques to measure the trajectories of 225 dart throws from 19 amateur players. The dart’s pitch and angle of attack were found to oscillate during flight in a manner that is analogous to damped harmonic motion. It was also found that the dart’s oscillation frequency was strongly correlated to launch speed, whilst its characteristic wavelength and damping ratio were independent of launch speed. The measured wavelength of oscillation (2.16 m) was found to be similar to the regulation throwing distance (2.37 m). It is proposed that the dart is ‘tuned’ to the throwing distance such that it undergoes one full oscillation before striking the board. The dart flight was modelled using a classical dynamic stability analysis and good agreement was found between the experimental observations and the theoretical predictions. The success of the model confirms that the approach can be used to explore the dynamics of different dart designs through parametric sensitivity analyses. 相似文献
14.
Robert J. Scannell 《Research quarterly for exercise and sport》2013,84(2):341-350
Abstract This study was undertaken to determine the effect on accuracy of practice under conditions in which the practice target was larger or smaller than the test target. Two throwing skills were studied. A dart throwing experiment (190 subjects) and a softball throwing experiment (128 subjects) were conducted. In each experiment treatment groups practiced on either a target identical to the test target, a target with a diameter one-half that of the test target, a target with a diameter one and one-half times that of the test target, or a target which was merely a point in the center of the “field” of the test target. Statistical treatment revealed no conclusive differential treatment effects in either experiment. 相似文献
15.
《European Journal of Sport Science》2013,13(6):373-378
Abstract Throwing performance is vital within the sport of cricket. However, little published evidence exists regarding methods to improve throwing velocity and/or accuracy in any cricket-playing population. This study, therefore, assessed the efficacy of progressive velocity throwing training on throwing velocity and accuracy in a cricket-specific test. Eighteen sub-elite male cricket players were assessed for maximal throwing velocity and throwing accuracy at four different throwing velocities relative to maximal throwing velocity. The participants were randomly assigned to either an intervention (n=9) or control (n=9) group. Both groups performed usual pre-season activities for 8 weeks, during which the intervention group performed two additional specific throwing training sessions per week. Maximal throwing velocity was re-assessed at 4 weeks and the progressive velocity throwing programme was adjusted accordingly. The 8-week progressive velocity throwing training significantly increased peak and mean maximal throwing velocity (P = 0.01). Absolute changes in peak and mean maximal throwing velocity were negatively and significantly correlated with initial maximal throwing velocity at 4 weeks (r=?0.805, P = 0.01 and r=?0.806, P = 0.01 respectively) but not at 8 weeks. No significant difference was observed in accuracy for either group at any time. This is the first published study to describe the effectiveness of a progressive velocity throwing training programme on throwing performance in a group of sub-elite cricket players. The addition of two specific throwing training sessions per week can increase maximal throwing velocity without detriment to throwing accuracy. 相似文献
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Linda J. Duffy Anders K. Ericsson Bahman Baluch 《Research quarterly for exercise and sport》2013,84(2):71-78
Contemporary accounts of sex differences in perceptual-motor performance differ in their emphasis on nature and nurture. Study 1 examined the effect of extensive training on one of the largest sex differences, namely accuracy in dart throwing, and found that physical differences in height and reach could not explain sex differences in regional/national level dart players. Study 2 rejected accounts of sex differences based on participation rates by showing that male players recruited from a relatively small pool of club players were superior to the best female players selected from a much larger pool at the international level. Alternative accounts of the source of sex differences in darts, based on male and female players' differential development and practice histories, are discussed. 相似文献
17.
Contemporary accounts of sex differences in perceptual-motor performance differ in their emphasis on nature and nurture. Study 1 examined the effect of extensive training on one of the largest sex differences, namely accuracy in dart throwing, and found that physical differences in height and reach could not explain sex differences in regional/national level dart players. Study 2 rejected accounts of sex differences based on participation rates by showing that male players recruited from a relatively small pool of club players were superior to the best female players selected from a much larger pool at the international level. Alternative accounts of the source of sex differences in darts, based on male and female players' differential development and practice histories, are discussed. 相似文献
18.
《European Journal of Sport Science》2013,13(4):231-243
Abstract Release velocity and accuracy are vital components of throwing performance. However, there is no published research on these parameters for throwing in cricket. In this study, we investigated the throwing performance of 110 cricket players from six different populations: elite senior males, elite under-19 junior males, elite under-17 junior males, elite senior females, elite under-19 junior females, and sub-elite senior males. Based on a specifically designed cricket throwing test, participants were assessed for (1) maximal throwing velocity and (2) throwing accuracy at maximal velocity and at three sub-maximal velocities. Elite senior males exhibited the highest peak and mean maximal throwing velocities (P≤0.001). Furthermore, the groups of males had significantly higher peak and mean maximal throwing velocities than the groups of females (P≤0.01). A speed–accuracy trade-off existed such that all groups demonstrated improved accuracy scores at velocities between 75% and 85% maximal throwing velocity compared with 50% maximal throwing velocity and 100% perceived maximal exertion. The results indicate that sex, training experience (years training), and training volume (training time per week) may contribute to throwing performance in cricket players. Further research should focus on understanding the mechanisms behind the observed differences between these groups. This is the first study to describe the inherent throwing profiles of different cricket playing populations. Potentially, we have identified stimulus material for future training developments. 相似文献