共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 722 毫秒
1.
基于认知解释模式对技能学习的"习得无助"现象探索 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
基于"习得无助"现象认知解释模式的理论框架和结构,研究探索技能学习中"习得无助"的认知过程,旨在揭示"习得无助"情况下认知归因、后续朝向任务及后续努力的关系.随机选取了普通高校健美操选项课的女大学生134名组成研究样本,被试学习一套自编难度的健美操.学习测试分为4个纵向单元,并进行认知归因、后续朝向任务及后续努力的问卷调查.最后根据学习的自我报告和成绩评分分出"习得无助"组(65人)和非"习得无助"组(69人).所有数据进行相关和回归的路径分析,结果发现,在健美操学习过程中,"习得无助"的被试倾向把失败归结于内部的因素,后续任务的朝向减少,并放弃努力,无"习得无助"的被试把失败归因于外部原因时,也会减少对后续任务的朝向和后续的努力;另外,后续任务的朝向决定后续任务的努力.对这些结果进行了讨论. 相似文献
2.
基于"习得无助"的认知解释模式理论,采用实验研究和理论分析的方法,探索不同运动项目技能学习过程中"习得无助"的认知现象,分析"习得无助"情况下认知特征在不同运动项目的差异.随机选取普通高校篮球选项课(63名)、健美选项课(64名)的大学男生127名组成研究样本,分别学习篮球罚球弧跳投技术和健美局部肌肉锻炼方法,并让大多数被试放弃学习.学习测试分为4个纵向单元,并进行认知归因、后续朝向任务及后续努力的问卷调查.通过t检验、相关分析和回归路径分析,发现不同运动项目在认知特征上存在差异,学习过程中,被试倾向把失败归结于外部的因素,会增加对后续任务的朝向,试图继续努力;被试倾向把失败归因于内部的原因,会减少对后续任务的朝向和后续的努力;另外,后续任务的朝向决定后续任务的努力.篮球学习过程中,被试更多地把失败归结于外部的因素;健美学习过程中,被试更多地把失败归结于内部的因素. 相似文献
3.
目的:探讨“TARGET”模式体育干预对青少年目标定向和自信水平的影响机制.方法:通过三因素混合实验处理,运用PEI、TEOSQ问卷,测量86名大学生被试目标定向和自信水平,并检验实验处理效应的显著性.结果:TARGET模式体育干预对对青少年任务定向和自信水平效应显著(p＜0.01);体育锻炼、干预方式和任务定向水平存在交互影响(p＜0.01),结论:“TARGET”模式体育干预提高低任务定向被试得分,并间接促进青少年总体自信和个人外表水平. 相似文献
4.
压力下的"Choking":运动竞赛中努力的反常现象及相关因素 总被引：25，自引：3，他引：22
压力下的“Choking”用来描述运动员在比赛的关键时刻或在重大比赛中发生运动成绩下降的现象。“Choking”与通常所说的“比赛失常”是完全不同的概念。“Choking”是一种心理现象 ,定义为习惯的运动执行过程发生衰变的现象 ,主要与努力有关。但是 ,这样的努力并不能帮助运动员提高或保持成绩。这是因为增加的努力通常会引起意识控制运动过程。而这种意识控制会破坏已有技术的自动执行 ,导致习惯的运动过程发生衰变。采用 3个研究来揭示运动中的“Choking”现象。研究 1测试意识控制运动过程引起运动成绩下降 ;研究 2测试压力增加自我注意引起的成绩下降 ;研究 3测试自我意识和特质性焦虑 ,预测压力下的成绩。对上述 3个研究发现进行理论讨论。 相似文献
5.
归因训练的研究设计与理论检验 总被引：4，自引：1，他引：3
从研究设计和理论检验两方面对3个归因训练研究进行了比较，分析了Weiner的归因理论中的一些要素，讨论了研究设计中的控制组、测试类型、运动任务、被试、测试、训练类型等问题，提出了一个归因训练研究的综合模式。 相似文献
6.
举世瞩目的雅典奥运会已经落下帷幕，在众多的比赛项目中，有一个新项目引起观众的极大兴趣，这就是被喻为“空中芭蕾”的蹦床。我国此次男女各有一名选手参加了比赛，成绩喜人，完成了预定任务。为了使这一项目在我国更好地发展，有必要细致了解蹦床的相关信息，及时准确地调整训练，从而有效地提高成绩，而对比赛成绩的分析将有一定的价值。 相似文献
7.
对自己的专题邮集《蜜蜂与人类》去年首次参加全国邮展，就以80分的成绩喜获镀金奖，我感到很欣慰，因为“蜜蜂”本身是一个规模相对较小的选题，相关邮品的收集也较困难，能取得目前这个成绩，说明我的一番努力终没白费。 相似文献
8.
对马特维耶夫"训练周期"理论的审视 总被引：36，自引：0，他引：36
运用文献资料分析和调研的方法 ,结合训练理论的发展和我国训练的实践 ,对马特维耶夫训练周期理论的建立、发展和存在的问题进行了分析。马特维耶夫的周期训练“模式”已不适应当前竞技体育比赛量大幅度增加的发展趋势 ,不利于高水平运动员专项能力的进一步提高。我国目前体能类项目长期停滞不前的原因 ,不仅在于具体训练方法和手段的落后 ,更在于缺乏对一些占主导地位的训练理念和思路的反思。 相似文献
9.
"鸟巢"维权的法律问题分析 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
对北京奥运会主会场“鸟巢”的形象被企业盗用的法律问题进行了研究。指出“鸟巢”维权难是一个具有代表性的个案，“鸟巢”维权难的根本原因并非是缺乏维权的法律依据，而是缺乏迅速查处盗用“鸟巢”形象之行为的机制。据此，提出了保护大型盛会主会场的权益有必要借鉴肖像权保护的法理完善的相关行政法规，为工商管理等部门行政执法提供依据，并充分发挥新闻媒体的舆论监督作用的建议。 相似文献
10.
"长三角"地区普通高校课外体育活动现状与对策 总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6
郝海涛 《武汉体育学院学报》2005,39(11):108-110
对“长三角”地区普通高校课外体育活动现状进行了调查。结果表明,大学生参加课外体育活动的频度与体育人口的界定标准差距较大;参加课外体育活动的主要动机是健身、提高体育课成绩和消遣娱乐;课外体育活动的内容、运动场地器材不足和缺乏应有的组织指导是影响大学生参加课外体育活动的重要因素;对有偿参加课外体育活动具有一定的承受力。提出了将课外体育活动纳入教学管理范畴、健全课外体育活动的组织与管理和拓展课外体育活动的内容,推行有偿服务等三条对策。 相似文献
11.
Nibbeling N Daanen HA Gerritsma RM Hofland RM Oudejans RR 《Journal of sports sciences》2012,30(1):11-19
State anxiety is known to affect far aiming tasks, but less is known about the effects of state anxiety on running and aiming while running. Therefore, in the current study participants ran on a treadmill at their preferred speed in a low- and high-anxiety condition. In both conditions, running was combined with dart throwing in the last minutes. Results showed that attention shifted away from task execution with elevated levels of anxiety. Furthermore, gait patterns were more conservative and oxygen uptake was higher with anxiety. In addition, performance and efficiency on the dart throwing task also decreased with anxiety. These findings are in line with attentional control theory and provide an indication that state anxiety not only affects aiming tasks but also tasks that rely heavily on the aerobic system. Moreover, findings indicate that when combined, running, aiming, and anxiety all compete for attention leading to suboptimal attentional control and possibly a decrease in performance. 相似文献
12.
Abstract This study determined the effectiveness of a global learning strategy on the skill level attained in one closed primary task and two related ones. Eighty subjects were randomly assigned to five groups equal in number and sex: a content-dependent strategy group (CDS), a content-dependent strategy plus reminders group (CDSR), a content-independent strategy group (CIS), a content-independent strategy plus reminders group (CISR), or a control group. A content dependent strategy is one learned in reference to a specific task; in this case, the primary one. A content independent strategy is learned in the context of many example tasks. Subjects performed underhanded dart throwing as the primary task, jart throwing (similar in nature to dart throwing) as the directly related task, and soccer foul shooting as the slightly related task. The strategy used to test the hypotheses generated was the Singer 5-Step Strategy. ANOVAs indicated that all of the strategy learning conditions were significantly more effective than the control condition for each task. Furthermore, the CIS learning situation was more beneficial for the learning of the task most related to the primary task than the CDS learning situation. The CISR group outperformed the other strategy groups in the less-related task. 相似文献
13.
“自我批判”指个体为了保护自尊而朝向规避负面可能性结果的心理倾向,反映了个体高标准的“自我关注”。运用飞镖任务的“Choking”实验范式,把“自我批判”作为内源性中介变量,观察其在压力下运动表现的作用解释机制。对50名大学生运动员进行“自我批判”的人格测试,并分别在无压力和压力条件下完成飞镖投掷任务的测试,所得数据通过SPSS 24.0和Process 3.0进行统计分析。研究发现,“自我批判”倾向的被试在压力条件下表现了“自我关注”的认知压力(β=0.50,P<0.001);同时,其“Choking”表现也随之增加(β=0.35,P<0.01)。因此,“自我批判”作为“Choking”的内源性诱因,具有部分的中介作用机制解释,其解释变异的效应占25%。 相似文献
14.
Robert J. Scannell 《Research quarterly for exercise and sport》2013,84(2):341-350
Abstract This study was undertaken to determine the effect on accuracy of practice under conditions in which the practice target was larger or smaller than the test target. Two throwing skills were studied. A dart throwing experiment (190 subjects) and a softball throwing experiment (128 subjects) were conducted. In each experiment treatment groups practiced on either a target identical to the test target, a target with a diameter one-half that of the test target, a target with a diameter one and one-half times that of the test target, or a target which was merely a point in the center of the “field” of the test target. Statistical treatment revealed no conclusive differential treatment effects in either experiment. 相似文献
15.
The game of darts attracts a large international following and can be fiercely competitive. Despite its popularity, and the large equipment market, no previous peer-reviewed studies have examined the trajectory of a dart in flight. This study used high-speed video techniques to measure the trajectories of 225 dart throws from 19 amateur players. The dart’s pitch and angle of attack were found to oscillate during flight in a manner that is analogous to damped harmonic motion. It was also found that the dart’s oscillation frequency was strongly correlated to launch speed, whilst its characteristic wavelength and damping ratio were independent of launch speed. The measured wavelength of oscillation (2.16 m) was found to be similar to the regulation throwing distance (2.37 m). It is proposed that the dart is ‘tuned’ to the throwing distance such that it undergoes one full oscillation before striking the board. The dart flight was modelled using a classical dynamic stability analysis and good agreement was found between the experimental observations and the theoretical predictions. The success of the model confirms that the approach can be used to explore the dynamics of different dart designs through parametric sensitivity analyses. 相似文献
16.
Southard D 《Research quarterly for exercise and sport》2002,73(4):396-407
The purpose of this study was to determine the critical values at which throwing patterns change when scaling up on the control parameter of velocity. Thirty-six participants (ages: 6-12 years) were categorized into four throwing levels according to patterns represented by temporal joint lag. Each participant was required to complete 5 overhand throws at each of 10 relative velocities for a total of 50 trials per participant. The lowest velocity was 10% of maximum, with increases in increments of 10% up to a maximum effort. Quantitative and qualitative analyses indicated that critical values varied according to throwing category and joint. Generally, lower skilled throwers (Levels 1 and 2) had less stable joint lag and changed patterns at lower velocities than higher skilled (Levels 3 and 4) throwers. 相似文献
17.
Linda J. Duffy Anders K. Ericsson Bahman Baluch 《Research quarterly for exercise and sport》2013,84(2):71-78
Contemporary accounts of sex differences in perceptual-motor performance differ in their emphasis on nature and nurture. Study 1 examined the effect of extensive training on one of the largest sex differences, namely accuracy in dart throwing, and found that physical differences in height and reach could not explain sex differences in regional/national level dart players. Study 2 rejected accounts of sex differences based on participation rates by showing that male players recruited from a relatively small pool of club players were superior to the best female players selected from a much larger pool at the international level. Alternative accounts of the source of sex differences in darts, based on male and female players' differential development and practice histories, are discussed. 相似文献
18.
Contemporary accounts of sex differences in perceptual-motor performance differ in their emphasis on nature and nurture. Study 1 examined the effect of extensive training on one of the largest sex differences, namely accuracy in dart throwing, and found that physical differences in height and reach could not explain sex differences in regional/national level dart players. Study 2 rejected accounts of sex differences based on participation rates by showing that male players recruited from a relatively small pool of club players were superior to the best female players selected from a much larger pool at the international level. Alternative accounts of the source of sex differences in darts, based on male and female players' differential development and practice histories, are discussed. 相似文献
19.
采用文献资料、数理统计等方法对中国运动员在第23-30届共8届奥运会以及2006年以来参加历届世锦赛以及亚运会的成绩进行统计分析。通过对中国田径竞技实力项目的分析,预测在2016年里约热内卢奥运会上中国运动员的竞技实力与成绩。分析表明:当前,中国田径运动项目中男、女中长距离竞走,女子投掷、马拉松跑等为优势项目;男子110m栏竞技实力下降,待新人崛起;女子标枪和男子跳高项目竞技实力逐步显现,为潜优势项目;中国运动员在所有的47个田径比赛项目中,还有男女100m、200m、400m、800m、3 000m障碍跑、4×400m接力跑;男子400m栏、1 500m、5 000m、10 000m、马拉松;女子100m栏,女子跳远,男子投掷类项目没有运动员进入过前8名。2015年北京世锦赛中国男子跳远、标枪、撑杆跳高、100m跑,女子100m栏,男子4×100m等项目实现了历史性突破。探讨田径项目状况可以促进人们对田径竞技运动整体发展状况的了解、清晰田径运动不同分项间存在的异同性,可以为田径运动的综合管理提供思路、为田径运动提供制胜策略及训练理念。 相似文献
20.
自我谈话对动作表现的影响是体育运动领域中自我谈话研究的主流方向。以往围绕自我谈话与动作表现关系的研究主要考察自我谈话功能类型与动作技能类型之间的匹配关系，较少关注自我谈话表述形式对动作技能表现的影响。因此，本研究在任务匹配假说的基础上，引入自我谈话显隐性（表述形式）这一维度，探讨自我谈话功能类型和表述形式与动作技能类型之间的匹配关系。基于此，本研究设计了2个实验，实验1考察自我谈话功能类型与表述形式对精细类动作技能（飞镖投掷）表现的影响，实验2考察自我谈话功能类型与表述形式对粗放类动作技能（握力）表现的影响。2个实验均为2因素混合设计，实验对象为80名男性本科生。实验结果表明，不发声指导型自我谈话有利于飞镖投掷任务表现，而发声指导型自我谈话有利于握力测试任务表现。本研究表明，指导型自我谈话有利于精细类动作技能表现，尤其是新手；发声自我谈话有利于粗放类动作技能表现，不发声自我谈话有利于精细类动作技能表现。 相似文献