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The primary purpose of this exploratory field study was to examine the use of cognitive behavioural strategies by highly skilled orienteers prior to and during competition. A secondary purpose of the study was to investigate whether differences in the level of qualification in orienteering is related to state anxiety. The subjects were divided into three classes with respect to their international and national records. The first two classes (A and B) were composed of international and national level athletes. The third class (C) included orienteers with unknown international records. Examination of the use of behavioural cognitive strategies during competition indicated that all orienteers reported a moderate use of mental imagery, above moderate use of inner talk and a focus of attention on present action rather than past or future. The other major findings were that prior to competition, superior orienteers reported use of higher self-efficacy, more positive outcome expectations and more task demand orientation than their less successful counterparts. Top orienteers coped more successfully with pre-competition anxiety by lowering their anxiety to a more moderate level prior to the actual performance. 相似文献
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Thinking outside of the box: the role of environmental adaptation in the acquisition of skilled and expert performance 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
Eccles DW 《Journal of sports sciences》2006,24(10):1103-1114
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Kevin S. Spink 《Journal of sports sciences》2013,31(2):149-157
The purpose of this study was to examine whether any differences exist in the cognitive and behavioural strategies of gymnasts competing at different elite levels. Thirty‐eight male gymnasts competing at different competitive levels in an Australian gymnastic championship completed a standardized questionnaire prior to the first day of the competition. The questionnaire focused on a number of psychological factors that may affect both training and competition. Using both t‐tests and simple discriminant function analysis, it was revealed that gymnasts competing at different elite levels could be distinguished on the basis of two psychological factors, psychological recovery and self‐confidence, as well as the behavioural measure, training hours. Specifically, gymnasts competing at higher elite levels versus those at lower elite levels, were better able to recover from their competitive mistakes, were more confident and trained longer per week. 相似文献
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Psychological characteristics of male gymnasts: differences between competitive levels 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
K S Spink 《Journal of sports sciences》1990,8(2):149-157
The purpose of this study was to examine whether any differences exist in the cognitive and behavioural strategies of gymnasts competing at different elite levels. Thirty-eight male gymnasts competing at different competitive levels in an Australian gymnastic championship completed a standardized questionnaire prior to the first day of the competition. The questionnaire focused on a number of psychological factors that may affect both training and competition. Using both t-tests and simple discriminant function analysis, it was revealed that gymnasts competing at different elite levels could be distinguished on the basis of two psychological factors, psychological recovery and self-confidence, as well as the behavioural measure, training hours. Specifically, gymnasts competing at higher elite levels versus those at lower elite levels, were better able to recover from their competitive mistakes, were more confident and trained longer per week. 相似文献
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多维竞赛状态焦虑的影响因素及其与武术比赛成绩之间关系的研究 总被引：9，自引：0，他引：9
采用ＣＳＡＩ－２问卷测试了３２２名参加全国或省际比赛运动员的赛前状态焦虑。结果发现：①运动项目类型是影响多维竞赛状态焦虑的一个重要变量；②性别与运动级别仅在某种程度上影响着运动员的多维竞赛状态焦虑；③文化程度不是影响赛前状态焦虑的因素；④认知特征显著的武术比赛成绩更多地受到认知状态焦虑的影响。建议对于认知特征显著的武术运动，教练员应该加强对运动员的认知心理训练 相似文献
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为探讨我国田径运动员的认知风格、竞赛焦虑特征与竞技水平发挥的关系,采用镶嵌图形测验和竞赛状态焦虑问卷的方法,对我国15个省、市优秀田径运动员93人进行调查。结果显示:①我国优秀田径运动员有场依存者和场独立者,个体差异情况较大;田径运动员认知状态焦虑低于田径常模、躯体状态焦虑显著低于常模,状态自信心显著高于常模,场独立运动员躯体状态焦虑显著高于场依存运动员,认知状态焦虑更低而状态自信心更高。②认知风格与认知状态焦虑显著负相关,与躯体状态焦虑、状态自信心正相关,认知风格是影响认知状态焦虑的一个主因素。③两种认知风格运动员与竞技水平发挥率负相关,场独立运动员竞技水平发挥率更高;竞技水平发挥高组的运动员认知状态焦虑、躯体状态焦虑更低,状态自信心更高;竞技水平发挥高组与认知状态焦虑、躯体状态焦虑负相关,竞技水平发挥低组与认知状态焦虑负相关、与躯体状态焦虑正相关,两组运动员与状态自信心正相关;回归分析表明竞赛焦虑的三个维度均不能预测竞技水平发挥程度。 相似文献
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The study examined the effect of stress inoculation training on the level of self‐reported stress and anxiety, overt signs of distress and the physiological impact of the stress of abseiling. Twenty volunteer subjects were randomly assigned to either a ‘no training’ control group or a stress inoculation training group, following which both groups of subjects had to complete a test abseil from the roof of a 21.2 m building. Prior to descent, two self‐report measures were taken: an intensity score derived from the word or phrase chosen by subjects from the Perceived Stress Index to best describe their feelings and a state anxiety score from Spielberger's State Trait Anxiety Inventory. Overt distress was also evaluated by a ‘blind’ observer also using the Perceived Stress Index. In addition, heart rate was monitored just prior to and throughout the abseil using a telemetry system. The stress inoculation group showed significantly less self‐reported anxiety and stress and less behavioural signs of distress as judged by the observer. However, there were no significant differences between the groups in terms of heart rate. In addition, while self‐report and the assessment of the observer were highly inter‐correlated, these measures were poorly correlated with heart rate. 相似文献
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我国高水平艺术体操运动员竞赛焦虑水平对比赛稳定性的影响 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
通过问卷调查和个案分析 ,研究艺术体操运动员焦虑水平对比赛稳定性的影响。结论认为 ,运动员焦虑水平对比赛的稳定性有不同程度的影响 ,低认知焦虑和高位状态自信心有助于比赛稳定性提高 ;运动员参加不同层次比赛 ,焦虑水平有显著差异 ;运动员自信心较认知焦虑和躯体焦虑对比赛有更大影响 相似文献
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运动员比赛心理发挥状况与儿茶酚胺排出量和状态焦虑关系的探讨 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
以尿内儿茶酚胺排出量和状态焦虑为测试指标,对优秀国家队运动员设计进行了重大比赛不同时段检测。结果表明,比赛发挥好的运动员只是在赛前0.5～2 h段表现出较高心理激活水平,而比赛发挥差的运动员与之表现相反,并且还有在赛前早期和比赛后儿茶酚胺排出量明显增加及高焦虑的特点。 相似文献
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残疾人运动员的特质焦虑与竞赛状态焦虑研究 总被引：16，自引：0，他引：16
采用特质焦虑测验(TAI)和竞赛状态焦虑测验(CSAI-2)对73名残疾人运动员的焦虑测试分析表明：1)绝大多数残疾人运动员为中等强度的特质焦虑水平。残疾人运动员的认知焦虑与一般运动员相比没有显著性差异；残疾人运动员的躯体焦虑较一般运动员高，但比一般运动员更为自信；2)残疾人运动员的特质焦虑存在着性别差异，但竞赛状态焦虑没有性别差异；两者都不存在残疾类别差异和残疾类别与性别的交互作用影响；3)残疾人运动员在一般情景中的特质焦虑与他们的竞赛状态焦虑是相互独立的。 相似文献
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Implicit beliefs of ability,approach-avoidance goals and cognitive anxiety among team sport athletes
《European Journal of Sport Science》2013,13(7):720-729
AbstractPeople's implicit beliefs of ability have been suggested as an antecedent of achievement goal adoption, which has in turn been associated with behavioural, cognitive and affective outcomes. This study examined a conditional process model with team sport athletes' approach-avoidance achievement goals as mediators between their implicit beliefs of sport ability and sport-related cognitive anxiety. We expected gender to moderate the paths from implicit beliefs of ability to approach-avoidance goals and from approach-avoidance goals to cognitive anxiety. Team sport athletes with a mean age of 20 years (163 females and 152 males) responded to questionnaires about their implicit beliefs of sport ability, approach-avoidance goals and sport-related cognitive anxiety. Incremental beliefs, gender and the interaction between them predicted mastery-approach goals. Gender also predicted mastery-avoidance goals, with females reporting higher levels than males. Mastery-avoidance goals, gender and the interaction between them predicted cognitive anxiety, with females reporting higher levels of anxiety than males. Entity beliefs positively predicted performance-avoidance goals and the interaction between performance-approach and gender predicted anxiety. The indirect effects also showed gender differences in relation to performance-approach goals. Taken together, our results suggest that coaches trying to create a facilitating climate for their male and female athletes may be wise to consider their athletes' anxiety and achievement goal patterns as these may affect both the athletes' well-being and performance. 相似文献
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The aim of this study was to examine retrospective perceptions and causal beliefs about temporal experiences of competitive anxiety and related symptoms in the lead up to competition. Qualitative interviews were conducted with 9 elite performers to examine the interaction of intensity, frequency and direction of symptoms associated with competitive anxiety before competition. Data analysis identified six causal networks that supported theoretical predictions suggesting that intensity of cognitive anxiety symptoms remained relatively stable in the lead up to competition, whereas somatic anxiety peaked sharply at the onset of performance. Frequency of anxiety symptoms increased as the competition approached and changes in interpretation of anxiety symptoms were also reported, with self-confidence identified as a moderating variable. The findings highlight the dynamic properties of the stress response and emphasize the need to consider the idiosyncratic nature of the level, frequency and interpretation of performers' precompetitive experiences. 相似文献
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The aim of this study was to examine retrospective perceptions and causal beliefs about temporal experiences of competitive anxiety and related symptoms in the lead up to competition. Qualitative interviews were conducted with 9 elite performers to examine the interaction of intensity, frequency and direction of symptoms associated with competitive anxiety before competition. Data analysis identified six causal networks that supported theoretical predictions suggesting that intensity of cognitive anxiety symptoms remained relatively stable in the lead up to competition, whereas somatic anxiety peaked sharply at the onset of performance. Frequency of anxiety symptoms increased as the competition approached and changes in interpretation of anxiety symptoms were also reported, with self-confidence identified as a moderating variable. The findings highlight the dynamic properties of the stress response and emphasize the need to consider the idiosyncratic nature of the level, frequency and interpretation of performers' precompetitive experiences. 相似文献
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我国青少年武术散打运动员赛前多维焦虑的研究 总被引：6，自引：1，他引：5
张峰 《西安体育学院学报》2005,22(4):123-126
采用马腾斯的运动竞赛状态焦虑量表的中国修订本,对参加全国青少年武术散打锦标赛的运动员进行了不同场次的问卷调查。研究结果表明,认知状态焦虑,躯体状态焦虑随比赛的深入进行焦虑水平下降,状态自信心的水平不断升高。躯体状态焦虑处于中等焦虑水平时,成绩较好。状态自信心越高,比赛成绩越好。 相似文献
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Mikko Huhtiniemi Kasper Salin Jukka Lahti Arja Sääkslahti Asko Tolvanen Anthony Watt 《Physical Education & Sport Pedagogy》2021,26(1):1-15
ABSTRACT Background: Fitness testing is a commonly applied learning and teaching practice implemented in both secondary and elementary school physical education (PE). Many teachers believe that by using a variety of different tests, they are able to provide students with feedback regarding their fitness status, and furthermore, increase students’ willingness to be physically active later in their lives. However, empirical evidence concerning students’ affective responses during fitness testing classes is limited. Purpose: The primary aim of the study was to investigate whether students’ perceptions of enjoyment and anxiety differed between two different types of fitness testing classes and PE in general. In addition, the measurement invariances over time and between Grade 5 (aged 11–12) and Grade 8 (aged 14–15) groups were determined. Method: A total sample of 645 Finnish Grade 5 (N?=?328, 50% boys, mean age?=?11.2, SD?=?0.36) and Grade 8 students (N?=?317, 47% boys, mean age?=?14.2, SD?=?0.35) participated in the study. Series of multi-group confirmatory factor analyses were conducted to test the level of measurement invariance between general PE and fitness testing classes, and between age groups. Strict factorial invariance was supported for both enjoyment and anxiety scales allowing for latent mean comparisons. Latent mean differences were studied using z-tests. Results: Grade 5 students perceived significantly lower levels of enjoyment and cognitive processes and a higher level of somatic anxiety in fitness testing classes compared to general PE. Additionally, for Grade 8 students, levels of enjoyment and cognitive processes were significantly lower and somatic anxiety and worry higher in fitness testing classes than in general PE. Furthermore, enjoyment was significantly higher, and cognitive processes, somatic anxiety and worry lower among Grade 5 students compared with Grade 8 students in both contextual PE and during fitness testing class. Conclusion: Results of this study indicate that students’ perceptions of enjoyment were lower in fitness testing classes compared to PE in general. Additionally, students perceived lower levels of cognitive anxiety and higher levels of somatic anxiety in fitness testing classes than in general PE. It is noteworthy that students might not significantly dislike fitness testing per se but instead have significantly more positive affects towards PE in general. Generally, practitioners conducting fitness testing lessons are encouraged to embrace different strategies such as fostering basic psychological needs or promoting mastery climate to facilitate enjoyment and diminish anxiety. 相似文献
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跆拳道运动员竞赛状态焦虑、实战比赛临场技术发挥及其相关关系的分析研究 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
采用马腾斯(Martens)等人1982年编制经我国修订的CSAI-2问卷,对部分参加九运会预选赛的跆拳道运动员实战比赛中竞赛状态焦虑进行了测量,并结合临场技术水平(有效击打次数百分比)的发挥状况进行了分析研究,目的是使教练员和运动员充分了解竞赛状态焦虑产生变化的规律以及它对运动员临场技术训练和比赛中控制焦虑水平,改进和提高运动员训练和比赛中攻、防技术动作的实效性,加强文化教育,改善运动员认知结构和思维结构,从而使运动员多年拼搏积累的体能,技能在重大比赛中充分,稳定的发挥。 相似文献
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运用心理测量等方法，对中国水球队运动员的心理能力进行分析研究。结合重大国际比赛，实施了依据运动员的运动竞赛焦虑水平、运动比赛成败归因水平和具体技、战术打法的初步结合应用，结果表明是成功的，效果显著，对提高我国水球竞赛水平具有参考意义。 相似文献
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采用文献资料法、心理量表测量法,对参加第11届全国运动会武术套路比赛的87名运动员进行了竞赛状态焦虑调查分析。结果表明:武术套路运动员竞赛状态焦虑水平均与性别、运动等级、运动年限有关;文化程度因素、竞赛项目与竞赛状态无显著性差异;武术套路运动员成绩更多地受到认知状态焦虑的影响,呈现显著性差异中度相关,状态自信心与运动成绩表现出显著性差异。 相似文献