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关于篮球裁判员主要心理品质的调查研究 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
以国家一级以上篮球裁判员作为研究对象,对比赛中可以影响篮球裁判员心理素质的诸多方面进行深入阐述、分析,研究他们的注意品质、情绪、气质类型等对裁判员执法时产生的影响。指出篮球裁判员应具备健全的心理素质品质,才能做到情绪稳定,注意力集中,思维敏捷,意志坚强,不为外界干扰所影响,达到执法公正,判罚准确的最佳境界。 相似文献
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散打比赛是在紧张激烈的竞赛中进行的,裁判员的心理活动影响着裁判员判罚的准确程度。散打比赛中裁判员心理活动的状态决定着注意品质的好坏,而注意品质是影响散打裁判员临场执裁的主要心理因素之一。采用文献资料法、专家访谈法、心理测量法等研究方法,对散打裁判员进行调查得出:执裁年限为16~20年的散打裁判员注意的分配要明显高于执裁年限为11~15年和执裁年限为6~10年的散打裁判员;执裁年限16~20年的散打裁判员注意的转移要明显好于执裁年限为6~10年的散打裁判员。高年龄段(46岁~55岁)和中年龄段(36岁~45岁)的散打裁判员注意的稳定性要好于低年龄段(26岁~35岁)的散打裁判员。性别和职业不是区分散打裁判员注意品质的主要变量。裁判员的执裁经验、临场的心态及精神状况、裁判员的业务能力、裁判员的思想动机和工作态度、比赛的重要程度、外界的干扰,都是影响散打裁判员注意品质的主要构成因素。 相似文献
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目的比较体育专业和非体育专业大学生选择性注意的差异,评价d2注意力测验在体育运动中的应用价值。方法采用d2注意力测验对71名体育专业大学生(健美操专业21人、篮球专业30人、羽毛球专业20人)和55名非体育专业大学生进行测试。结果体育生在d2测验违规错误率上显著低于非体育生,但在任务完成量、集中程度、遗漏错误率上差异不显著。三组不同运动项目的体育生在遗漏错误率上差异显著,具体表现为羽毛球组和篮球组体育生在遗漏错误率上显著低于健美组,篮球组显著低于健美组;在任务完成总量,集中程度,违规错误率上不同项目体育生的成绩差异不显著。结论体育生的选择性注意能力优于非体育生,不同运动项目体育生选择性注意能力存在差异。d2注意力测验在运动训练中具有较为有效的选择性注意的评估作用。 相似文献
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Christian Rullang Freya Gassmann Eike Emrich Christian Pierdzioch 《Sportwissenschaft》2016,46(3):232-240
In recent years unfair competition and match fixing have become an increasing focus of public attention. Uncovered instances of match fixing influence the integrity of football. In the field of professional football there are well-known cases, such as the Calciopoli scandal in Italy and the case of the German referee Robert Hoyzer, where referees were involved in match fixing. However, so far little is known about how often attempts are made to influence referees and their decisions in amateur football in Germany. Data from a large scale survey of referees (n = 4813) showed that approximately 10?% of referees in amateur football have already been approached in an attempt to influence their decisions by offers of money or non-cash benefits. Results of logistic regressions show various correlats of being approached for match fixing by offers of money or non-cash benefits. The probability of being approached increases with the duration of referee activity, the number of games refereed per year, and decreases with age. 相似文献
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许翀 《武汉体育学院学报》2017,51(10):93-100
短跑起跑阶段需要对外部信号集中注意并快速反应,以产生最佳运动表现。因此,本研究假设：狭窄外部注意焦点导向会对短跑选手的起跑表现产生有益影响。研究基于短跑起跑的三个动力学阶段（实际反应时阶段,蹬起跑器反应动作时阶段和加速跑阶段）,测试新手和精英短跑选手在一段10M的短跑起跑中,在3种注意焦点导向条件下（狭窄外部注意导向、狭窄内部注意导向、中性指导语）的起跑表现。研究结果显示：在狭窄外部注意导向条件中,实际反应时、反应动作时和起跑加速时均显著短于狭窄内部注意焦点导向条件中的时间。研究结果证实：（1）根据信号而启动的短距离快速移动项目中,狭窄外部注意焦点导向会产生有益影响。（2）不同的注意焦点导向会影响动作表现。 相似文献
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《International review of sport and exercise psychology》2013,6(2):119-138
The objective of this paper is to review current literature on visual attentional processes in the area of sport expertise. Based on recent findings in neuroscience, attention can be divided into four distinct sub-processes, all of which differ across individuals to varying extents: orienting attention, selective attention, divided attention, and sustained attention. These four sub-processes serve as a heuristic tool to categorize the presented studies. Then, a critical assessment of the merits and limitations of the discussed studies is provided. Following that, conceptual and methodological issues in the field of attention and sport will be discussed. Finally, new potential directions for further research in the field of attention processes and expertise will be presented with a link to other research topics (e.g., motivation, creativity) and disciplines (e.g., developmental psychology). The overall aim is to show that human movement science can use important insights from other branches of the discipline (e.g., social psychology) in order to test and optimize sports training programs. At the same time, though, it is hoped that the use of ecological and complex settings will, in future, enable further development of theoretical models from other disciplines, like general, or developmental psychology. 相似文献
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青少年足球运动员注意范围类型特征研究 总被引：8，自引：0，他引：8
进行有关注意范围类型测试,初步探讨了足球运动特殊环境和特殊要求对青少年注意范围类型的影响,以及不同性别和不同年龄阶段注意范围类型发展状况。从注意范围广度、注意范围广阔有效性和注意范围狭窄有效性角度,提出了青少年足球运动员注意范围类型的显著发展阶段。 相似文献
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该文运用文献资料法、问卷调查法,通过调查甘肃省校园足球裁判的职业、裁判等级分布、学历现状,以及甘肃省校园足球裁判的后备人才储备、裁判员地域分布与裁判员讲师队伍培养现状,立足甘肃校园足球裁判发展实情,从推动裁判员队伍常态化建设、稳步提升校园足球裁判综合素质能力、完善校园足球裁判员队伍梯队建设、提高校园足球裁判待遇水平、加强甘肃足协和校园足球竞赛主管部门的交流等方面为切入点,制定出推动甘肃省校园足球裁判又好又快发展的策略,旨在为甘肃校园足球裁判发展提供理论支撑。 相似文献
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AbstractSeveral researchers have demonstrated that an external focus of attention (about movement’s effects) during movement execution allowed better performances and learning of various motor tasks than an internal focus of attention (about movement itself). However, attentional focus effects have not been studied in tasks requiring explosive actions preceded by fast reaction time to a signal, such as a sprint start. We hypothesised that the beneficial effect of external focus of attention would be observed in the different stages of the sprint start (i.e. reaction time, block clearance and running) for both expert and novice sprinters. Novice and expert sprinters performed sprint starts followed by a 10 m sprint under three conditions: external focus instructions; internal focus instructions; and neutral instructions. The reaction time and the running time were significantly shorter in the external focus condition than in the internal focus condition, for both expert and novice participants. These results confirm the beneficial effect of an external focus of attention on the speed of movement execution. Moreover, they revealed that attentional focus influences movement preparation. Several hypotheses are proposed to account for these results, with reference to the processes that could be responsible for the observed effects. 相似文献
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运动员注意优先效应的初步研究 总被引：7，自引：2，他引：5
通过考察分心刺激数量、目标-线索一致性和目标特征来探讨运动员视觉选择性注意中的优先效应,力图对运动员的信息加工能力从注意认知的角度提供新视角。实验采用3×2×2被试内设计。结果表明:有效线索提示和新异目标具有注意优先权,有效线索-新异目标>无效线索-新异目标>有效线索-非新异目标>无效线索-非新异目标;运动员具有较好的视觉选择注意加工能力,能充分利用现有的诸多信息进行合理有效的整合加工和决策,调整自己注意的范围和焦点。 相似文献
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通过对我国高级裁判员的咨询和问卷调查，其结果表明，对篮球裁判员正判率影响的因素有许多种，78．46％以上的裁判员认为心理因素对篮球裁判员正判率有着很重要的影响．对这些因素进行了综合分析和讨论。今后在培养和聘用篮球裁判员时，要以心理素质水平的高低为重要的考核依据． 相似文献
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Joost P. Pluijms Rouwen Cañal-Bruland Marco J.M. Hoozemans Morris W. Van Beek Kaj Böcker Geert J.P. Savelsbergh 《Journal of sports sciences》2016,34(16):1588-1595
The aim of the current study was twofold: (1) to validate the use of action sport cameras for quantifying focus of visual attention in sailing and (2) to apply this method to examine whether an external focus of attention is associated with better performance in upwind sailing. To test the validity of this novel quantification method, we first calculated the agreement between gaze location measures and head orientation measures in 13 sailors sailing upwind during training regattas using a head mounted eye tracker. The results confirmed that for measuring visual focus of attention in upwind sailing, the agreement for the two measures was high (intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) = 0.97) and the 95% limits of agreement were acceptable (between ?8.0% and 14.6%). In a next step, we quantified the focus of visual attention in sailing upwind as fast as possible by means of an action sport camera. We captured sailing performance, operationalised as boat speed in the direction of the wind, and environmental conditions using a GPS, compass and wind meter. Four trials, each lasting 1 min, were analysed for 15 sailors each, resulting in a total of 30 upwind speed trials on port tack and 30 upwind speed trials on starboard tack. The results revealed that in sailing – within constantly changing environments – the focus of attention is not a significant predictor for better upwind sailing performances. This implicates that neither external nor internal foci of attention was per se correlated with better performances. Rather, relatively large interindividual differences seem to indicate that different visual attention strategies can lead to similar performance outcomes. 相似文献
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体育运动中选择性注意的国外研究现状 总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6
采用文献综述的方法,从选择性注意的信息选取、信息加工,以及它对运动绩效的影响等方面,探析了国外有关这方面的理论与研究现状。结果表明,在体育运动中,对相关(或重要)信息的选择性注意,是提高运动绩效的重要前提,也是专业运动员经常采取的注意策略。它要求运动员具有预测信息、识别复杂信息、提取重要信息、合理分配注意和抗干扰因素等能力。 相似文献
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The authors examined the individual and combined influences of 2 factors that have been shown to benefit motor learning: an external focus of attention and enhanced performance expectancies. Another purpose of this study was to gain further insight into the mechanisms underlying these variables. In a factorial design, participants learning a novel motor skill (i.e., throwing with the non-dominant arm) were or were not given external focus instructions, and were or were not provided bogus positive social-comparative feedback to enhance their expectancies. This resulted in 4 groups: external focus, enhanced expectancy, external focus/enhanced expectancy and control. External focus instructions and enhanced expectancies had additive benefits for learning: the external focus/enhanced expectancy group demonstrated the greatest throwing accuracy on both retention and transfer tests, while the accuracy scores of the external focus and enhanced expectancy groups were lower, but higher than those of the control group. Furthermore, self-efficacy was increased by both external focus and enhanced expectancy, and predicted retention and transfer performance. Positive affect was heightened in the enhanced expectancy and external focus/enhanced expectancy groups after practice and predicted transfer performance. The findings suggest that the learning benefits of an external focus and enhanced expectancies mediate learning through partially different mechanisms. 相似文献
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Alexandre Perreau-Niel 《Soccer & Society》2015,16(1):1-16
This essay attempts to explore the conditions of access and employment for football referees in France in terms of gender and refereeing level, based on processing 148 questionnaires. It shows that the social stratum from which the ‘body’ of referees is recruited appears to be higher for correspondingly higher levels of refereeing, and also seems to be clustered around individuals who have had a family sports background (even involving refereeing) and experience in playing football, while the conditions of access for women are less socially selective and less discriminatory in terms of experience in playing football. It also shows that, in terms of a level of education that increases in direct relation to the level of refereeing, referees carry out their activities alongside professional management roles, which are most often at a lower level than that at which they officiate as referees. 相似文献
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The role of focusing attention on one limb or both limbs in a bimanual aiming task was investigated in two experiments. Participants were prompted to focus attention on either limb (Experiment 1) or were free to choose their attentional strategy (Experiment 2). Fifty-two college-aged participants made quick, bimanual lever reversals in the sagittal plane over 20 degrees and 60 degrees in 210 ms to the reversal point. In both experiments, spatial accuracy was better when participants focused their attention on a single limb compared to the nonattended limb and when they paid attention to both limbs. However, no differences were shown on a no-knowledge of results (KR) retention test when participants paid attention to both limbs. In the second experiment, differences were maintained on a no-KR retention test when participants continued to select their own attentional strategy, although the statistical effect was smaller than in the first experiment. The findings suggested that the movement parameter selection process benefited from attentional focus. 相似文献
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调动学生对上体育课的兴趣 ,使之由被动接受转变成积极参与 ,是提高体育教学质量的重要因素。针对不同类型的学生 ,合理运用集中注意力练习 ,可达到良好的教学效果。 相似文献
