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1.
ABSTRACTRecently, there has been much controversy over the International Association of Athletics Federation (IAAF) regulations regarding eligibility to compete and natural testosterone levels in female athletes. Much interest lies in the analysis of Caster Semenya's extraordinary performance. The objective of this work were, a) Complete an analysis of Caster Semenya's results during the 800m finals and b) search for existing similar performances by other female athletes. We analysed the results of the finals of all IAAF World Championships and Olympic Games from 1984–2016, including the 800m results of the Diamond Leagues 2016–2018. Exponential curves were fit to the data to characterise and predict performance for each event. Caster Semenya's finishing times before her ineligibility to compete and after the suspension of the IAAF hyperandrogenism regulation were found to be 1.24% and 1.49%, respectively, faster than the characteristic performance of the elite-standard in the women’s 800m final. Other female athletes, with finishing times faster than the ones predicted by the characteristic curves were also discovered. The percentage difference in performance between Caster Semenya and the other participants did not reach 3% in the 800m event. No conclusions can be drawn regarding extraordinary results ever performed during the 100m, 200m or 400m finals. 相似文献
2.
Brian Hanley 《Journal of sports sciences》2018,36(12):1402-1406
The purpose of this study was to analyse and compare pacing profiles of senior men and women competing in the 2017 World Cross Country Championships. Finishing and split times were collated for 118 men and 81 women competing over the newly introduced race distance of 10 km (five laps of approximately 2 km). Athletes were grouped according to finishing time, and changes in pace measured using lap times, except between Laps 1 and 2 because of a shorter first lap (times relative to the winner were used instead). Within both men’s and women’s races, groups slowed during the early stages, but then either sped up or maintained pace during the last lap. There were few differences between groups with regard to overall pacing profiles, or between sexes. The men’s fast finish contrasted with slower finishes found in previous editions (over 12 km), and the degree to which women were slower than men (approximately 12%) was very similar to track racing and showed the decision to equalise the distances run by both sexes was sound. As in other distance events, athletes are recommended to try to achieve an even pace throughout, an approach that proved beneficial to both gold medallists. 相似文献
3.
目的：探析短道速滑个人项目两届冬奥会及冬奥会与世锦赛体力分配策略规律差异。方法：收集整理索契、平昌冬奥会,以及2014—2017年世锦赛短道速滑个人项目相关数据,分析单圈用时、肯德尔相关系数。结果：（1）冬奥会各单项单圈用时不同程度地少于世锦赛,平昌不同程度地少于索契;（2）除2016世锦赛500 m,其他赛事均全程具有显著相关（P＜0.05）;（3）除索契冬奥会女子1 000 m,其他赛事均较早出现显著相关（P＜0.05）,平昌冬奥会男子与女子均在第7、8圈为高相关（r≥0.70）;（4）平昌冬奥会1 500 m男子第12、13圈,女子第13圈为高相关（r≥0.70）,两者均从第9圈开始出现显著相关（P＜0.05）。结论：500 m出发位置尤为重要,高速滑行中稳固站位能力需求突出,冬奥会中对全程维持速度能力的要求逐步提高;冬奥会1 000 m与1 500 m比赛争夺有利位置战术的实施位置较以往更为靠后。 相似文献
4.
采用文献资料研究、数理统计和逻辑分析等方法,对第13届世界田径锦标赛投掷项目运动员的年龄、身体形态、投掷成功率、比赛发挥、不同投掷次数中出现决定成绩的人数进行统计分析。结果表明,参赛运动员平均年龄为26.64～29.36岁,男子平均年龄稍大于女子;投掷项目男子运动员平均身高在1.87～1.95m之间,呈现出高大化发展特征。资格赛运动员的投掷成功率为79.83%,3次试投的成功率依次下降;决赛阶段运动员投掷的平均成功率为74.57%,6次不同试投的成功率呈现高低交错的"锯齿"状。投掷项群运动员的比赛发挥存在着项目差异,资格赛中,铅球运动员的平均发挥率最高,铁饼运动员发挥率最低;决赛阶段,运动员的发挥率均高于资格赛。资格赛运动员3次试投出现决定成绩的概率分别为44.99%、26.57%和28.44%,呈现出第1次试投成功率和发挥率最高的特点。 相似文献
5.
The development of peak performances is a main research focus in sports science. It is unclear how many former top junior athletes achieve success in the elite class later. The aim of the present study was to examine the careers of athletes who participated in major junior or adult/elite cycling events using prospective and retrospective analysis of competition results. The official results of major junior (age < or = 18 years) and elite (age > 18 years) cycling races from 1980 to 2004 were analysed. Age-related aspects, career lengths, and success were compared between riders who presented results in both junior and elite races (JUNIOR ELITE) and riders who had no junior race results (ELITE ONLY). Altogether, 27,454 results of 8004 athletes from 108 countries were collected. We found that 29.4% of the elite athletes had participated in junior World Championships, and that 34% of the participants in junior World Championships later participated in major elite competitions. JUNIOR ELITE athletes are significantly more successful in several cycling disciplines and have their first and last elite result at a younger age than ELITE ONLY athletes. No difference was found in career lengths. The data presented here emphasize the importance of long-term training programmes in the development of peak performance in cycling. 相似文献
6.
Yorck Olaf Schumacher Roman Mroz Peter Mueller Andreas Schmid Gerta Ruecker 《Journal of sports sciences》2013,31(11):1149-1156
Abstract The development of peak performances is a main research focus in sports science. It is unclear how many former top junior athletes achieve success in the elite class later. The aim of the present study was to examine the careers of athletes who participated in major junior or adult/elite cycling events using prospective and retrospective analysis of competition results. The official results of major junior (age ≤ 18 years) and elite (age > 18 years) cycling races from 1980 to 2004 were analysed. Age-related aspects, career lengths, and success were compared between riders who presented results in both junior and elite races (JUNIOR ELITE) and riders who had no junior race results (ELITE ONLY). Altogether, 27,454 results of 8004 athletes from 108 countries were collected. We found that 29.4% of the elite athletes had participated in junior World Championships, and that 34% of the participants in junior World Championships later participated in major elite competitions. JUNIOR ELITE athletes are significantly more successful in several cycling disciplines and have their first and last elite result at a younger age than ELITE ONLY athletes. No difference was found in career lengths. The data presented here emphasize the importance of long-term training programmes in the development of peak performance in cycling. 相似文献
7.
采用文献资料、数理统计等方法对中国运动员在第23-30届共8届奥运会以及2006年以来参加历届世锦赛以及亚运会的成绩进行统计分析。通过对中国田径竞技实力项目的分析,预测在2016年里约热内卢奥运会上中国运动员的竞技实力与成绩。分析表明:当前,中国田径运动项目中男、女中长距离竞走,女子投掷、马拉松跑等为优势项目;男子110m栏竞技实力下降,待新人崛起;女子标枪和男子跳高项目竞技实力逐步显现,为潜优势项目;中国运动员在所有的47个田径比赛项目中,还有男女100m、200m、400m、800m、3 000m障碍跑、4×400m接力跑;男子400m栏、1 500m、5 000m、10 000m、马拉松;女子100m栏,女子跳远,男子投掷类项目没有运动员进入过前8名。2015年北京世锦赛中国男子跳远、标枪、撑杆跳高、100m跑,女子100m栏,男子4×100m等项目实现了历史性突破。探讨田径项目状况可以促进人们对田径竞技运动整体发展状况的了解、清晰田径运动不同分项间存在的异同性,可以为田径运动的综合管理提供思路、为田径运动提供制胜策略及训练理念。 相似文献
8.
为深入了解世界混合泳项目的发展趋势,促进我国混合泳项目的进一步突破,文章运用文献资料法、数理统计法、比较分析法、灰色预测法,对第1至第18届世界游泳锦标赛男女个人混合泳成绩发展态势及变化特征进行分析。运用灰色预测模型对第19届世界游泳锦标赛男女200m及400m个人混合泳项目第1名成绩进行预测。研究结果表明:世界游泳锦标赛男女200m及400m个人混合泳成绩的整体发展平衡且均呈现提高趋势,其中女子200m个人混合泳成绩提高幅度最大,男子400m个人混合泳成绩提高幅度最小;第13届世锦赛后,男女混合泳项目整体成绩均表现出不同幅度的下降;世界游泳锦标赛男女200m及400m个人混合泳成绩的变化趋势不同,其中,男女200m个人混合泳届内竞争逐渐加大,即前8名成绩差距逐渐缩小,男子400m个人混合泳次之,女子则相反;近年来,我国选手在混合泳项目中国际竞争力较强,与世界顶尖运动员差距不断缩小,男子200m个人混合泳为第19届世锦赛重点夺金项目;第19届世界游泳锦赛男女个人混合泳项目第1名成绩的预测值为:男女200m个人混合泳分别为1min 56s17、2min08s30,400m个人混合泳分别为4min08s24、4min29s85。 相似文献
9.
为了探索道次、场地条件和运动水平对速度滑冰女子1000m速度节奏的影响。采用文献资料、访谈和数理统计等研究方法,分析了2012—2013赛季哈尔滨站速度滑冰世界杯和关国速度滑冰世界锦标赛女子1000m前后两次比赛均参加的运动员分段数据,结果认为：（1）速度滑冰女子1000m道次不同造成运动员速度节奏的明显差异,外道速度波动比内道更大;（2）速度滑冰女子l000m场地条件不同,速度节奏存在显著性差异,条件越差的比赛场地,其启动阶段加速节奏越快,600—1000m分段速度节奏越慢;（3）速度滑冰女子1000m高、低水平运动员百分速度节奏存在显著性差异,低水平运动员0—200m启动阶段相对加速节奏更快,600—1000m分段高水平运动员百分速度节奏更快。 相似文献
10.
以参加伦敦奥运周期3届世锦赛决赛运动员为研究对象,对伦敦奥运会男子体操比赛前景进行分析:团体实力以亚洲的中国和日本最强,属于第一集团,美国队是第二集团的佼佼者;个人全能以日本队实力最强,其中内村航平更是一枝独秀;中国在吊环、双杠和单杠等项目上,都构成夺金"双保险";欧洲运动员在鞍马项目上具有集团优势;韩国和日本等亚洲运动员在跳马上略占上风,各国运动员的水平逐渐接近,比赛胜负取决于临场发挥的水平。 相似文献
11.
Jonathan Ospina Betancurt Maria S. Zakynthinaki Maria Jose Martínes-Patiño Carlos Cordente Martinez Carmen Rodríguez Fernández 《Journal of sports sciences》2018,36(11):1262-1268
The purpose of this study was to assess the veracity of the Court of Arbitration for Sport’s assertion that sex-differences in athletic performance in elite-standard track and field competition is of the order of 10–12%. Exponential curves were fitted to the data of selected track and field events of the finals of all IAAF World Championships and Olympic Games from 1983 to 2016. For each curve, the coefficient of determination R2 was calculated, in combination the corresponding 95% confidence intervals for the curve constants. Sex-differences were evaluated via differences in the fitted curves between men and women. Mean performances of winners, as well as overall performance means of all participants, were also analyzed. The calculated sex-difference was 8.2 ± 1.0% – 11.8 ± 2.1% for sprints, 10.3 ± 3.3% – 12.8 ± 4.0% for middle and long-distance events, 9.7 ± 2.9% – 13.1 ± 2.9% for relays and 14.2 ± 2.2% – 25.0 ± 4.4% for jumps. This study therefore confirms that the percentage difference accepted by the CAS is appropriate for elite-standard track and field events. 相似文献
12.
Performance outcomes at the 2013 World Swimming Championship were previously shown to be biased depending on the swimmer’s lane assignment. The purpose of this study was to determine if this kind of bias was unique, and if not, if the bias was related to the temporary or permanent nature of the pool. The effect of lane on the average odd-length split minus the preceding even-length split in the 800- and 1500-m freestyle events, and on the relative change from qualifying to preliminary performance in the 50-m events, was determined for 16 other elite-level competitions. Depending on the swimmers’ direction, split times were on average 0.16 s slower or faster in at least one lane at each of the 16 competitions, and in 49% of all lanes analysed. In 5 competitions, swimmers were shown to be faster in a majority of lanes in one direction as compared to the other. Analysis of the 50-m events at these 5 competitions indicate that preliminary performances were between 0.5 and 0.9% slower or faster than qualifying times, which is consistent with the direction effect observed in the distance freestyle events. Further, lane biases occur more often in temporary pools (70% of lanes) than in permanent pools (35% of lanes), with water currents as the most plausible cause. The prevalence of lane bias at elite-level swimming competition highlights the need for the implementation of policies and procedures to prevent such bias from occurring again in the future. 相似文献
13.
Using mathematical analysis, we examined the three baton exchanges that occur during a 4×100 m relay. Identical representative 100 m running performances were assumed for each of four elite male athletes, and the calculations were made for optimal or near-optimal positions of the baton exchanges and starting positions of the athletes running the second, third and fourth legs as determined by Ward-Smith and Radford (2002). In this paper, we focus on the calculation of the checkmark position and demonstrate the complexity of the baton exchange process. The results of the mathematical analysis show that, for optimal performance, the checkmark should be located differently for each of the three exchanges in a single race, and is further affected by lane draw and free distance (the distance between the runners at the baton exchange). For a representative free distance of 1 m at each exchange, the checkmark distance ranges from a minimum of 11.04 m at the third exchange in Lane 1 to 12.20 m for the first exchange in Lane 8. Failure by teams and their coaches to consider adequately the complexities of the baton exchanges may help explain why 25.5% of teams in recent World Championships were disqualified or did not finish. 相似文献
14.
目的:分析以往冬奥会单人项目运动员多维度的参赛制胜特征,为北京冬奥会中国队参赛策略提供借鉴。方法:以2014年和2018年冬季奥林匹克运动会单人项目前8名运动员(1 136例)的以往参赛特征为研究对象,讨论了以往冬奥会、奥运周期世锦赛、奥运赛季世界杯赛的参赛对本届冬奥会名次取得的作用方式。结果:与低龄类项目相比,高龄类项目在冬奥会参赛和冬奥周期世锦赛参赛均表现出经历多且名次等级高的特点。此外,冬奥周期无兼项项目的最好名次等级高,有兼项项目主项成绩突出。结论:高龄类项目更加注重以往参赛经历,冬奥周期和冬奥赛季成绩应上升或保持稳定,有兼项项目冬奥周期应适当发展副项,但冬奥赛季应重点关注主项的能力和状态。建议:在把握不同单人项目参赛制胜特征的基础上,我国重点项目应依据优秀运动员数量、年龄、冬奥参赛经历,在北京冬奥周期中选择适宜的专项能力提升或保持方案,并制定差异化参赛策略。 相似文献
15.
《运动与健康科学(英文)》2021,10(5):537-549
The pacing behaviors used by elite athletes differ among individual sports, necessitating the study of sport-specific pacing profiles. Additionally, pacing behaviors adopted by elite runners differ depending on race distance. An “all-out” strategy, characterized by initial rapid acceleration and reduction in speed in the later stages, is observed during 100 m and 200 m events; 400 m runners also display positive pacing patterns, which is characterized by a reduction in speed throughout the race. Similarly, 800 m runners typically adopt a positive pacing strategy during paced “meet” races. However, during championship races, depending on the tactical approaches used by dominant athletes, pacing can be either positive or negative (characterized by an increase in speed throughout). A U-shaped pacing strategy (characterized by a faster start and end than during the middle part of the race) is evident during world record performances at meet races in 1500 m, 5000 m, and 10,000 m events. Although a parabolic J-shaped pacing profile (in which the start is faster than the middle part of the race but is slower than the endspurt) can be observed during championship 1500 m races, a negative pacing strategy with microvariations of pace is adopted by 5000 m and 10,000 m runners in championship races. Major cross country and marathon championship races are characterized by a positive pacing strategy; whereas a U-shaped pacing strategy, which is the result of a fast endspurt, is adopted by 3000 m steeplechasers and half marathoners. In contrast, recent world record marathon performances have been characterized by even pacing, which emphasizes the differences between championship and meet races at distances longer than 800 m. Studies reviewed suggest further recommendations for athletes. Throughout the whole race, 800 m runners should avoid running wide on the bends. In turn, during major championship events, 1500 m, 5000 m, and 10,000 m runners should try to run close to the inside of the track as much as possible during the decisive stages of the race when the speed is high. Staying within the leading positions during the last lap is recommended to optimize finishing position during 1500 m and 5000 m major championship races. Athletes with more modest aims than winning a medal at major championships are advised to adopt a realistic pace during the initial stages of long-distance races and stay within a pack of runners. Coaches of elite athletes should take into account the observed difference in pacing profiles adopted in meet races vs. those used in championship races: fast times achieved during races with the help of one or more pacemakers are not necessarily replicated in winner-takes-all championship races, where pace varies substantially. Although existing studies examining pacing characteristics in elite runners through an observational approach provide highly ecologically valid performance data, they provide little information regarding the underpinning mechanisms that explain the behaviors shown. Therefore, further research is needed in order to make a meaningful impact on the discipline. Researchers should design and conduct interventions that enable athletes to carefully choose strategies that are not influenced by poor decisions made by other competitors, allowing these athletes to develop more optimal and successful behaviors. 相似文献
16.
近6届蹦床世锦赛参赛国家数量呈“倒U型”发展,在运动员数量方面女运动员的参赛数量明显低于男运动员;在参赛项目上网上项目运动员的数量显著高于单跳和小蹦床项目,单跳和小蹦床项目之间的运动员数量差异不大;蹦床项目的竞争格局开始走向多极化,在全世界的竞争区域主要集中在欧洲、亚洲和北美洲,从奖牌的地域归属特征来看,我国在东京奥运会的竞争对手主要来源于欧洲和北美洲的选手;世锦赛中男子网上个人项目冠军成绩在60.795-62.280分之间,女子网上个人项目冠军成绩在55.990-57.180分之间;中国蹦床队在近6届蹦床世锦赛中一直处于奖牌榜首位,男、女运动员的综合获奖比率在逐渐接近,差距在逐渐缩小,男女网上项目实力向均衡化方向发展。 相似文献
17.
Using mathematical analysis, we examined the three baton exchanges that occur during a 4 x 100 m relay. Identical representative 100 m running performances were assumed for each of four elite male athletes, and the calculations were made for optimal or near-optimal positions of the baton exchanges and starting positions of the athletes running the second, third and fourth legs as determined by Ward-Smith and Radford (2002). In this paper, we focus on the calculation of the checkmark position and demonstrate the complexity of the baton exchange process. The results of the mathematical analysis show that, for optimal performance, the checkmark should be located differently for each of the three exchanges in a single race, and is further affected bylane draw and free distance (the distance between the runners at the baton exchange). For a representative free distance of 1 m at each exchange, the checkmark distance ranges from a minimum of 11.04 m at the third exchange in Lane 1 to 12.20 m for the first exchange in Lane 8. Failure by teams and their coaches to consider adequately the complexities of the baton exchanges may help explain why 25.5% of teams in recent World Championships were disqualified or did not finish. 相似文献
18.
起跑反应时和运动成绩是短跑项目中的重要研究主题。研究以2012—2018年4届世界室内田径锦标赛60m与60m栏项目比赛数据为研究对象,检验了运动员起跑反应时和运动成绩变化的时序特征以及起跑反应时和运动成绩的关系。结果表明,60m与60m栏优秀运动员在比赛的不同阶段在起跑反应时和运动成绩上均表现出了显著差异,半决赛和决赛阶段的起跑反应时和运动成绩显著优于预赛阶段,并且保持时间序列的稳定性。 相似文献
19.
柏林田径世锦赛女子百米决赛的竞技特征分析 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
以柏林田径世锦赛女子百米决赛的8名世界优秀运动员为研究对象,对其生物力学数据进行分析与研究,得出了世界优秀女子百米运动员全程速度变化及幅频方面的参数特点,并进行了有关参数的相关性统计,为了解该项目优秀运动员的竞技特征,把握事物的本质规律提供了重要的参考依据。 相似文献
20.
建立4×100 m接力成绩的数学模型,探究4×100 m接力项目成绩的影响因素。以2017年伦敦世界田径锦标赛男子百米前四名的成绩为基础,在各棒运动员运动水平已确定的情况下,影响4×100 m项目的因素包括：跑道位置、第2-4棒的起跑位置、接棒位置、自由距离及起跑顺序。跑道道次对项目成绩有一定影响,对交接棒策略影响较小;自由距离增大可以显著提高项目成绩;各棒起跑位置都尽量靠近起点可提高项目成绩,传接棒位置在接力区的后10 m时项目成绩更好;各棒次的安排要考虑运动员的个人素质。 相似文献