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1.
爆发力是快速力量为主导的体育项目中决定运动成绩的重要因素,爆发力的任何变化都有可能造成冠军或者名次的改变,因此如何在赛前准备活动中更大程度地提高运动员比赛时的爆发力成为近年来研究的重点。不断去追求和探索更加合理的、有效的激发运动员爆发力的方法和手段,成为运动员和教练员们所关注的内容。随着学界对于后激活增强效应(postactivation potentiation,PAP)的研究愈发深入,发现后激活增强效应有可能成为通过赛前准备活动提高运动员在比赛中爆发力的突破点,对PAP的功能及其在运动能力上应用的关注和研究与日俱增。许多研究人员在运动试验中,通过诱导出PAP提高了运动员的竞技表现,但因这些实验的变量选取纷繁复杂,研究多集中在PAP对运动能力即时性提升的效果,而PAP诱导效果的影响因素尚不明确。从生理机制、诱导条件与适用运动员特点3个方面进行梳理,分析研究PAP产生的生理机制,PAP进行诱导刺激所需的条件,以及适合通过PAP提高运动水平的运动员的特点,旨在为我国教练员和运动员在竞技训练实践中合理利用PAP提供有益参考。 相似文献
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刘志军 《体育科技文献通报》2021,(1):63-64
竞技体育项目中,核心力量的增强能够帮助运动员有效提升竞技能力,这一观念已被海内外众多体育领域的专家学者所认可。核心力量作为一个研究的热点,在运动训练、体育竞赛、运动损伤、运动康复等诸多领域的作用也随着日益深入的研究显现得更加清晰。核心力量训练对竞技成绩的提升有着深层次的推动,任何竞技运动项目中对身体核心肌群的训练都是训练成绩的重要保障。因此针对不同的竞技项目,结合专项特点进行核心力量训练就显得异常关键。本文运用文献资料法、逻辑分析法、专家访谈法对羽毛球项目中核心力量训练的意义以及核心力量训练的方法与手段进行研究和探讨,旨在为羽毛球教练员、运动员和从事羽毛球项目研究的体育工作者提供借鉴和参考。 相似文献
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Contemporary training for power sports involves diverse routines that place a wide array of physiological demands on the athlete. This requires a multi-faceted nutritional strategy to support both general training needs--tailored to specific training phases--as well as the acute demands of competition. Elite power sport athletes have high training intensities and volumes for most of the training season, so energy intake must be sufficient to support recovery and adaptation. Low pre-exercise muscle glycogen reduces high-intensity performance, so daily carbohydrate intake must be emphasized throughout training and competition phases. There is strong evidence to suggest that the timing, type, and amount of protein intake influence post-exercise recovery and adaptation. Most power sports feature demanding competition schedules, which require aggressive nutritional recovery strategies to optimize muscle glycogen resynthesis. Various power sports have different optimum body compositions and body weight requirements, but increasing the power-to-weight ratio during the championship season can lead to significant performance benefits for most athletes. Both intra- and extracellular buffering agents may enhance performance, but more research is needed to examine the potential long-term impact of buffering agents on training adaptation. Interactions between training, desired physiological adaptations, competition, and nutrition require an individual approach and should be continuously adjusted and adapted. 相似文献
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运动员的日常饮食会影响其运动表现,而在训练和比赛中过程中不同的食物选择也会影响其训练和比赛的状态。良好的饮食习惯可以在强化训练的同时减少疾病和损伤的发生风险,还会提高肌肉及其他组织的训练适应性。通过国际奥林匹克委员会2012年运动营养指南的解读,对运动营养指南各个部分的生理学原理、研究依据、示例、具体建议进行阐释,使其更容易为教练员、运动员及科研人员所理解、掌握。虽然没有所谓的"全能饮食",但还是有很多可以让运动员吃得更好的方法应用于特定的比赛和专项中。 相似文献
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Guillaume Millet Stéphane Perrey Caroline Divert Matthieu Foissac 《Sports Engineering》2006,9(4):209-220
The purpose of this review is to discuss how an athlete’s fatigue can be limited by using recent innovations in sports engineering.
The review focuses on human locomotion, i.e. mainly fatigue during endurance sports. First, through a general definition and
illustrations of means of locomotion such as running, cycling, walking/hiking or speed skating, several aspects of fatigue
reduction will be presented. With regards to the mechanical stress, it has been shown that (i) contrary to ‘invitro’ experiments and, in comparison with hard shoes, soft shoes do not appear to reduce impact forces during running and (ii)
too much cushioning can have side effects in terms of energy cost and thus in terms of fatigue in running and mountain biking.
On the contrary, the equipment weight-that also depends on the weight repartition may have dramatic effects in terms of fatigue.
Any equipment allowing better mechanical efficiency (e.g. chainrings, klapskate) or work distribution (e.g. walking with poles)
can potentially reduce an athlete’s fatigue under similar conditions without this equipment. However, among elite athletes,
the use of technical innovation does not seem to affect fatigueper se but provides performance improvement with similar fatigue occurrence. It appears that fatigue-related improvements caused
by technical innovations only occur among sportsmen exercising for leisure. In the second part of this review, recent textile
innovations aimed at decreasing fatigue by the use of elastic compression stockings or at regulating temperature will be discussed.
Finally, two methods designed to improve recovery after training or competition (elastic compression and electromyostimulation)
will be discussed. Both these techniques are widely used by elite athletes despite relatively poor scientific evidence of
their efficiency, with the exception of recovery after eccentric exercise. 相似文献
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目的旨在探讨耐力运动预激活增强效应的研究进展,从生理学表现和研究方法方面为耐力项目运动训练方案设计提供理论依据。方法检索、整理和分析耐力运动预激活增强效应相关的文献。结果和结论预激活增强效应的生理机制为肌球蛋白调节轻链磷的酸化及神经肌肉特征的变化;预激活增强效应可用于优化耐力运动热身方案,提升运动成绩;耐力运动引发的神经肌肉特征变化可用于调节耐力运动中外周疲劳所带来的负面影响。未来的研究应进一步明确各专项的热身方案,在耐力训练或竞赛中的作用,最大限度地发挥预激活增强效应在各专项运动中的用作,热身活动中最佳的负荷强度也需进一步地研究,便于研究者们更好地探究用以提升运动成绩的训练方案。 相似文献
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The general purpose of this systematic review was to study the effectiveness of off-court perceptual–cognitive training interventions in nonnovice, interactive sport athletes. We looked at task-specific practice effects and, more importantly, the transfer of effects. Databases used for the literature search were PubMed, Web of Science, and PsycINFO. In all, 16 studies were found to be eligible for this review. These studies were independently evaluated by four reviewers for methodological quality and their evidence for specific practice effects and transfer effects. The effectiveness was analyzed with respect to the level of transfer, i.?e., from training-task-specific effects to near-transfer (e.?g., a similar perceptual task), further-transfer (e.?g., a sensorimotor sports skill), and far-transfer (e.?g., competition performance) intervention effects. Analyses of the 16 included studies suggest that around 60% of the training-specific measures tested after off-court practicing perceptual–cognitive training in sports athletes signal performance enhancement. However, transfer, be it near, further or far, is mostly not studied empirically; if studied, there is currently only limited and weak evidence for intermediate and far transfer. To reason that perceptual–cognitive off-court training interventions are ineffective might be premature at this point of time as methodological quality can still be improved and only a very limited number of studies actually included transfer variables. In those few studies integrating transfer variables, results are mixed and inconsistent. Future work should focus on critical factors to assure transfer of perceptual–cognitive training interventions. 相似文献
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跆拳道运动项目的比赛特点决定了它属于激烈的对抗性比赛项目,是集力量、速度、耐力和协调性等诸多身体素质的综合,日常训练要求对运动员要求高强度、高密度、高负荷的大运动量的训练,极易导致运动员出现运动性疲劳的状况,从而影响运动员日常训练和比赛的成绩.文章主要研究跆拳道运动员运动性疲劳产生的机理以及通过合理休息、营养学、物理疗法、心理治疗等多种消除运动性疲劳的方法,为跆拳道运动员构建出一套完善的立体式恢复方法,为跆拳道运动员运动性疲劳的恢复提供极其重要的理论依据 相似文献
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咖啡因作为一种功能增进营养补剂,广泛应用于耐力运动员的训练和竞赛中。通过系统梳理探讨摄入咖啡因对耐力运动员计时赛、恒定负荷运动和递增负荷运动至力竭3种类型运动表现影响的相关研究,总结咖啡因对耐力运动员运动表现的影响规律,以期为我国教练员和运动员优化营养补剂方案提供理论依据。结果显示,自行车、中长跑及赛艇等耐力运动员多以胶囊形式摄入低中高剂量咖啡因（3~9 mg/kg）来提高耐力运动表现,但对于不同类型运动表现的有效剂量及作用机制存在差异。另外,咖啡因与其他营养补剂混合摄入的效果以及咖啡因不同摄入方式、性别差异、基因组别、安慰剂效应等对其功能增进效果的影响是咖啡因研究领域未来的发展方向。 相似文献
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The behavioural modifications that accompany Ramadan intermittent fasting (RIF) are usually associated with some alterations in the metabolic, physiological, and psychological responses of athletes that may affect sport performance. Muslim athletes who are required to train and/or compete during the month-long, diurnal fast must adopt coping strategies that allow them to maintain physical fitness and motivation if they are to perform at the highest level. This updated review aims to present the current state of knowledge of the effects of RIF on training and performance, focusing on key-factors that contribute to the effects of Ramadan on exercise performance: energy restriction, sleep deprivation, circadian rhythm perturbation, dehydration, and alterations in the training load. The available literature contain few studies that have examined the effects of RIF on physical performance in athletes and, to date, the results are inconclusive, so the effects of RIF on competition outcomes are not at present wholly understood. The diverse findings probably indicate individual differences in the adaptability and self-generated coping strategies of athletes during fasting and training. However, the results of the small number of well-controlled studies that have examined the effects of Ramadan on athletic performance suggest that few aspects of physical fitness are negatively affected, and where decrements are observed these are usually modest. Subjective feelings of fatigue and other mood indicators are often cited as implying additional stress on the athlete throughout Ramadan, but most studies show that these factors may not result in decreases in performance and that perceived exercise intensity is unlikely to increase to any significant degree. Current evidence from good, well-controlled research supports the conclusion that athletes who maintain their total energy and macronutrient intake, training load, body composition, and sleep length and quality are unlikely to suffer any substantial decrements in performance during Ramadan. Further research is required to determine the effect of RIF on the most challenging events or exercise protocols and on elite athletes competing in extreme environments. 相似文献
12.
"超量恢复"方法在中长跑短训中的运用 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
普通高等院校参加省级运动会,比赛前临时组队,队伍训练的时间短,运动水平较低,身体素质较差,又要在短时期内出成绩,难度较大.在这种情况下,对中长跑运动员采用"超量恢复"的训练方法,采用大强度超负荷训练方法,在短期内提高身体的承受能力和适应能力,再通过积极的适当恢复,进入良好的竞技状态,比赛时就能取得较好的成绩. 相似文献
13.
为使我国冰壶运动员更好地进行训练和比赛,通过查阅文献资料对冰壶运动员运动损伤的特点进行了剖析,认为在冰壶运动中投壶和扫冰是最容易引起损伤的两种技术动作,同时提出从技术动作改进和身体素质训练和充分的准备活动三个方面入手来预防损伤的具体措施。建议专业人士应对冰壶运动损伤方面研究予以足够重视,更好地为备战＂冬奥会＂服务。 相似文献
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Scott J. Dankel Kevin T. Mattocks J. Grant Mouser Samuel L. Buckner Matthew B. Jessee 《Journal of sports sciences》2018,36(13):1485-1491
A number of reviews have concluded that resistance training is beneficial for improving sports performance despite the inclusion of studies which do not actually measure a performance outcome (i.e. a timed trial). The purpose of this review was to examine only those studies which would allow us to infer the benefits of resistance training on improving time trial performance. Of the nine studies meeting all inclusion criteria only three demonstrated an additive effect of adding resistance training to the current activity-specific training being performed. These three studies demonstrated improvements in either 5 or 10 km time trial among recreationally skilled athletes (i.e. non-elite level time). Previous reviews have included studies which did not include: (1) performance outcomes; (2) control groups; and/or (3) equal volumes of activity-specific exercise among the resistance training and control groups. Presently, there is little evidence that adding resistance exercise to a sport-specific training program will augment time trial performance. While it is difficult to perform such long-term studies assessing the effects of resistance training among time trial athletes, the statement that resistance training is efficacious for improving time trial performance should be tempered until sufficient evidence is presented to support such claims. 相似文献
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庄竣博 《中华武术(研究)》2021,(1):91-94
核心力量训练的发展,也是当今武术界的热门话题,武术套路运动属于技能主导类表现难美性项群的体育竞技项目。武术套路运动员在竞技比赛过程中,想要取得优异的成绩,不仅要具备良好的心理素质,拥有战术、体能、技术外,还需要提升控制身体的平衡和稳定性,保证每个动作完成的质量,来达到提高运动成绩的目的。文章运用逻辑分析法、文献资料法,通过武术套路运动员平时训练和核心训练的一些训练方法进行分析和探究,提出了武术专项核心力量训练的一些方法,为武术教练员更好地实施科学训练,探索和建立武术专项核心训练策略奠定一定的基础,从而加快武术运动员竞技水平的提高。 相似文献
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Michele Lastella Gregory Daniel Roach Shona Leigh Halson David Thomas Martin Nicholas Peter West Charli Sargent 《Journal of sports sciences》2015,33(3):293-299
Good sleep is critical for optimising recovery and athletic performance. Yet, few studies have investigated how athletes sleep before and during competition. The aim of this study was to determine whether such sleep is poorer than that before a usual training day. Twenty-one male endurance cyclists’ (age: 19.9 ± 1.7 years) sleep/wake behaviour was assessed using wrist activity monitors for 11 nights, including a six-night baseline training phase, three nights before competition and two nights during competition. Cyclists had less sleep on the night before competition (6.5 ± 0.9 h) and during the first night of competition (6.8 ± 0.8 h) than at baseline (7.4 ± 0.6 h). Cyclists also went to bed and woke up earlier during competition than at baseline. Competition schedules and competition itself can disrupt the sleep/wake behaviour of athletes during competition. Future investigations should examine sleep during three stages of competition (i.e. before, during and after competition). This will help coaches develop a greater understanding of how sleep changes during different phases of competition and enable them to plan post-competition training programmes to ensure appropriate rest and recovery is obtained. 相似文献
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Abstract Despite increased professionalization of adolescent sport and improved articulation to elite adult participation, the impact of sports such as rugby union among adolescents is under-explored. This study describes psychological stress–recovery responses relative to training loads in 106 male adolescent rugby union players. The results showed that players with the highest training and physical activity volumes during the season demonstrated more favourable recovery–stress states than moderate- and low-volume groups. Stress and under-recovery did not increase with increases in weekly volume when assessed across a season. When assessed more acutely during intensive competition phases, stress and under-recovery increased with increases in participation demands. Despite better psychological stress and recovery profiles of more elite, higher-load players, not all participants demonstrated favourable capacities to deal with stress and recovery processes. Seven participants were in at least two of three categories of highest volume, highest stress, and poorest recovery. Even in the absence of a full understanding of the impact of high-volume, high-stress, poor-recovery participation among adolescent athletes, these markers may be precursors for more deleterious outcomes such as injury, performance decrements, and overtraining. Findings support the efficacy of serially monitoring young athletes. 相似文献
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赛后恢复,决定着运动员在新一轮竞赛周期的训练和竞赛水平的发挥,同样决定着运动员在赛场的运动成绩。研究中等水平体育舞蹈标准舞运动员赛后恢复现状,针对现状制定恢复方法,为指导中等水平标准舞运动员在赛后恢复中提供科学的恢复方法。该文以北京体育大学艺术学院体育舞蹈专业标准舞运动员为研究对象,得出主要结论:(1)赛后恢复影响着体育舞蹈标准舞运动员在赛后训练的技术与质量。(2)赛后恢复影响着体育舞蹈标准舞运动员在下一场竞赛的水平发挥。建议:(1)中等水平体育舞蹈标准舞运动员在竞赛过后重视赛后恢复。(2)中等水平体育舞蹈标准舞运动员在竞赛过后要双管齐下,进行心理和生理的恢复。 相似文献
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Sleep is generally regarded as a valuable resource for psychological and physiological well-being. Although the effects of sleep on athletic performance have been acknowledged in sport science, few studies have investigated the prevalence of sleep problems and their effects on elite athletes before a sport event. In this study, 632 German athletes from various sports were asked about their sleep habits during the night(s) before an important competition or game. The findings indicate that 65.8% of the athletes experienced poor sleep in the night(s) before a sports event at least once in their lives and a similarly high percentage (62.3%) had this experience at least once during the previous 12 months. Athletes of individual sports reported more sleep difficulties than athletes of team sports. The main sleep problem was not being able to fall asleep. Internal factors such as nervousness and thoughts about the competition were rated highest for causing sleep problems. Most athletes stated that disturbed sleep had no influence on their athletic performance; however, athletes also reported effects such as a bad mood the following day, increased daytime sleepiness, and worse performance in the competition or game. The differences between individual and team sports indicate that athletes in some sports need more help than those in other sports in managing sleep problems. 相似文献