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1.
Lane AM Terry PC Stevens MJ Barney S Dinsdale SL 《Journal of sports sciences》2004,22(10):886-97; discussion 897
Competition at elite level can require athletes to perform optimally in extreme environmental conditions. This review focuses on mood responses in such conditions and proposes practical guidelines for those working with athletes. Different environments are considered, including altitude and extreme heat and cold. Performing in extreme heat, cold or at altitude can produce a stress response characterized by increased negative mood and relatively poor performance. Positive adaptations to extreme conditions can be accelerated, but the rate of adaptation appears to be highly individualized. Monitoring mood responses to training under normal conditions provides a basis for identifying the psychological effects of extreme conditions. It is suggested that practitioners carefully monitor the interplay between vigour, fatigue and depressed mood. Reductions in vigour and increases in fatigue are normal responses to hard training, but other aspects of mood disturbance, especially symptoms of depressed mood--however small--may be indicative of a maladaptive response, and practitioners should consider intervening when such symptoms first appear. 相似文献
2.
李年红 《武汉体育学院学报》2010,44(4):62
在高原环境中,由于缺氧会使运动员出现负性的心境变化状态.调查国家游泳队昆明高原训练期间运动员心境状态的变化情况.研究结果发现,运动员初上高原时,紧张和疲劳状态水平较高.在整个高原训练期当中,运动员的疲劳状态均处于一种较高的水平,而精力却处于一种不断下降的趋势. 相似文献
3.
《European Journal of Sport Science》2013,13(4):195-202
Abstract We report the initial validation of a multi-component assessment model for monitoring training distress among athletes. The model combines measures of mood disturbance with measures of perceived stress and symptom intensity. Altogether, 492 athletes completed the 10-item Perceived Stress Scale (PSS-10; Cohen et al., 1983), the 24-item Brunel Mood Scale (BRUMS; Terry et al., 2003), and a checklist of 19 symptoms associated with acute overtraining (Fry et al., 1994). Six training distress factors were identified by an exploratory factor analysis: “depressed mood”, “perceived vigour”, “physical symptoms”, “sleep disturbance”, “perceived stress”, and “general fatigue”. Comparisons of group means of these factors with a previously validated inventory were consistent with theoretical predictions and provided evidence of construct validity. Internal consistency of the subscales was also confirmed, with Cronbach alphas ranging from 0.72 to 0.86. Together, these findings suggest that this multi-component model provides a sound conceptual basis for the assessment of training distress among athletes. 相似文献
4.
《European Journal of Sport Science》2013,13(4):245-253
Abstract Eleven elite kayakers performed an identical weekly training schedule each week during a 3-week training-camp. The Profile of Mood States (POMS) inventory (“right now” instructions) was completed before and after selected workouts each week to assess both training-induced mood disturbances and the extent of recovery following short and long rest. The ratio of POMS vigour to POMS fatigue scores was used as an “energy index”. Energy index scores were compared with ratings of perceived exertion (RPE) to address the size of the training load. Performance measures were obtained during the first and last week. The results showed that the energy index decreased (p<0.01) throughout the camp and did not return to initial values following either the short (one night) or long rest (two nights and one day). Performance measures and RPE remained unaffected throughout training, as did the POMS depression scores, indicating that the athletes experienced an overreached state but did not develop staleness. Our results suggest that repeated evaluation using POMS fatigue, vigour, and depression scores during periods of intensified training may help prevent athletes from becoming severely overreached and reduce the likelihood of staleness. 相似文献
5.
目的:探讨八周高原训练对优秀男子赛艇运动员促红细胞生成素(EPO)和红细胞系等指标的影响。方法:12名男子赛艇运动员在云南会泽(2210米)进行8周高原训练,在高原训练前的第3天、高原训练的第2天、第5天、第10天、第24天、第35天、第56天以及高原训练结束后的第14天、第28天等测试运动员的EPO和红细胞系等指标。结果:与高原训练前相比,高原训练的第2天EPO、RBC和Hgb分别提高了27.21%、6.04%和2.88%;在第56天分别提高了8.37%、10.63%(P<0.05)和4.72%;在高原训练结束后14天分别提高了21.92%、9.11%(P<0.05)和7.74%(P<0.05)。结果提示,8周高原训练能够有效地提高运动员EPO和红细胞(RBC)等水平,但其变化规律不同于常规的4-6周高原训练。而RBC和血红蛋白(Hgb)等呈现波浪形的变化趋势,这可能跟运动训练的量和强度密切相关。而初次与多次高原训练的运动员在相关指标的变化上具有不同的规律,提示初次进行高原训练的运动员对高原环境更加敏感。 相似文献
6.
Triscott S Gordon J Kuppuswamy A King N Davey N Ellaway P 《Journal of sports sciences》2008,26(9):941-951
The effect of long-term endurance and resistance training on central fatigue has been studied using transcranial magnetic stimulation by exercising the biceps brachii to exhaustion and recording motor-evoked potentials from the non-exercised homologous biceps. Three groups of eight healthy individuals took part: two groups of individuals who had more than 8 years of athletic training in either an endurance or resistance sport, and a group of controls. The size of a motor-evoked potential (area of averaged rectified response) was significantly depressed in all three groups in the non-exercised arm after exhaustive exercise of the opposite arm. Recovery of motor-evoked potentials occurred earlier in endurance athletes (20 min) than in control participants (30 min) and resistance athletes (>30 min). Dexterity and maximum voluntary contraction of the biceps for the non-exercised arm were not depressed in any group. In a separate session, the limit of endurance time for the biceps was reduced significantly following exhaustive exercise of the biceps of the other arm for resistance athletes and control participants, whereas there was no change in the endurance athletes. Our findings suggest that athletic training has an effect on the mechanism of central fatigue that may be specific to the nature of training. 相似文献
7.
Gareth Turner Barry W Fudge Jamie S M Pringle Neil S Maxwell Alan J Richardson 《Journal of sports sciences》2019,37(2):163-172
This study sought to establish perceptions of elite endurance athletes on the role and worth of altitude training. Elite British endurance runners were surveyed to identify the altitude and hypoxic training methods utilised, along with reasons for use, and any situational, cultural and behaviour factors influencing these. Prior to the 2012 Olympics Games, 39 athletes and 20 support staff (coaches/practitioners) completed an internet-based survey to establish differences between current practices and the accepted “best-practice”. Almost all of the athletes (98%) and support staff (95%) surveyed had utilised altitude and hypoxic training, or had advised it to athletes. 75% of athletes believed altitude and hypoxia to be a “very important” factor in their training regime, with 50% of support staff believing the same. Athletes and support staff were in agreement of the methods of altitude training utilised (i.e. 'hypoxic dose’ and strategy), with camps lasting 3–4 weeks at 1,500–2,500 m being the most popular. Athletes and support staff are utilising altitude and hypoxic training methods in a manner agreeing with research-based suggestions. The survey identified a number of specific challenges and priorities, which could provide scope to optimise future altitude training methods for endurance performance in these elite groups. 相似文献
8.
成功的训练不仅涉及到过负荷,同时必须避免大量过负荷练习与不充分恢复相结合。运动员可经历短期运动成绩下降。这一功能性过量训练在恢复后,可提高运动成绩。当训练和恢复之间平衡被破坏,可发生非功能性的过量训练(NFOR)。区分NFOR和过度训练综合症非常困难(OTS),取决于临床结果和排除诊断。诊断OTS的关键词是"延长性的不良适应",以及生物、神经生化和激素调节上的机制。普遍认为OTS症状比NFOR严重,如疲劳、成绩下降、情绪障碍。尽管目前没有单一的标志物可检测OTS,定期监测运动成绩、生理、生化、免疫和心理上的指标可能是最好的策略:发现不能够应对训练应激的运动员。 相似文献
9.
Altitude and endurance training 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
The benefits of living and training at altitude (HiHi) for an improved altitude performance of athletes are clear, but controlled studies for an improved sea-level performance are controversial. The reasons for not having a positive effect of HiHi include: (1) the acclimatization effect may have been insufficient for elite athletes to stimulate an increase in red cell mass/haemoglobin mass because of too low an altitude (< 2000-2200 m) and/or too short an altitude training period (<3-4 weeks); (2) the training effect at altitude may have been compromised due to insufficient training stimuli for enhancing the function of the neuromuscular and cardiovascular systems; and (3) enhanced stress with possible overtraining symptoms and an increased frequency of infections. Moreover, the effects of hypoxia in the brain may influence both training intensity and physiological responses during training at altitude. Thus, interrupting hypoxic exposure by training in normoxia may be a key factor in avoiding or minimizing the noxious effects that are known to occur in chronic hypoxia. When comparing HiHi and HiLo (living high and training low), it is obvious that both can induce a positive acclimatization effect and increase the oxygen transport capacity of blood, at least in 'responders', if certain prerequisites are met. The minimum dose to attain a haematological acclimatization effect is > 12 h a day for at least 3 weeks at an altitude or simulated altitude of 2100-2500 m. Exposure to hypoxia appears to have some positive transfer effects on subsequent training in normoxia during and after HiLo. The increased oxygen transport capacity of blood allows training at higher intensity during and after HiLo in subsequent normoxia, thereby increasing the potential to improve some neuromuscular and cardiovascular determinants of endurance performance. The effects of hypoxic training and intermittent short-term severe hypoxia at rest are not yet clear and they require further study. 相似文献
10.
The benefits of living and training at altitude (HiHi) for an improved altitude performance of athletes are clear, but controlled studies for an improved sea-level performance are controversial. The reasons for not having a positive effect of HiHi include: (1) the acclimatization effect may have been insufficient for elite athletes to stimulate an increase in red cell mass/haemoglobin mass because of too low an altitude (<2000-2200 m) and/or too short an altitude training period (<3-4 weeks); (2) the training effect at altitude may have been compromised due to insufficient training stimuli for enhancing the function of the neuromuscular and cardiovascular systems; and (3) enhanced stress with possible overtraining symptoms and an increased frequency of infections. Moreover, the effects of hypoxia in the brain may influence both training intensity and physiological responses during training at altitude. Thus, interrupting hypoxic exposure by training in normoxia may be a key factor in avoiding or minimizing the noxious effects that are known to occur in chronic hypoxia. When comparing HiHi and HiLo (living high and training low), it is obvious that both can induce a positive acclimatization effect and increase the oxygen transport capacity of blood, at least in 'responders', if certain prerequisites are met. The minimum dose to attain a haematological acclimatization effect is >12 h a day for at least 3 weeks at an altitude or simulated altitude of 2100-2500 m. Exposure to hypoxia appears to have some positive transfer effects on subsequent training in normoxia during and after HiLo. The increased oxygen transport capacity of blood allows training at higher intensity during and after HiLo in subsequent normoxia, thereby increasing the potential to improve some neuromuscular and cardiovascular determinants of endurance performance. The effects of hypoxic training and intermittent short-term severe hypoxia at rest are not yet clear and they require further study. 相似文献
11.
备战第19届冬奥会国家自由式滑雪空中技巧队机能评定与营养补充的研究 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
通过长期跟踪监测,对国家自由式滑雪空中技巧运动员机能水平的评定指标进行研究,发现心率、血压、尿蛋白、血红蛋白、血尿素的变化不大,原因是训练的强度不大,机体在24小时可以恢复;这些指标对自由式滑雪空中技巧的训练不太敏感。闪光融合率较为敏感,可以作为评定疲劳的指标,同时也说明自由式滑雪空中技巧的专项疲劳主要是中枢神经系统的疲劳。另外,研究了运动员营养补充对一些运动性疲劳的影响因素的作用,发现在运动中补糖可以缓解运动员在寒冷的环境下长期训练引起的血糖下降,但神经系统的疲劳未见明显改善。对运动员机能水平的科学监督与评价不仅为教练员和运动员的科学训练提供依据,而且可以大大降低过度疲劳及运动损伤和疾病的发生率。 相似文献
12.
运动员的赛前心理状态对比赛以及最终的成绩具有明显的作用。赛前加强对运动员心理状态的调整,可以有效强化放松心理情绪、积极休息、缓解身体疲劳,使运动员状态恢复到稳定的心理状态。运动员赛前心理状态受环境、裁判、比赛的规模等客观与自身主观因素的制约,赛前心理状态的调整应注意因人而异、区别对待,强化放松的心理情绪、积极休息、缓解身体疲劳等关键环节,采用赛前的适应性训练、封闭训练、自信心强化训练、自我控制与调节等方法,避免不良因素的刺激与情绪波动,以最佳的心理状态参加比赛。 相似文献
13.
Chun-Qing Zhang Pak-Kwong Chung Mengmeng Du Peter C. Terry 《Journal of sports sciences》2013,31(15):1465-1476
AbstractBuilding on the work of Terry and colleagues (Terry, P. C., Lane, A. M., Lane, H. J., & Keohane, L. (1999). Development and validation of a mood measure for adolescents. Journal of Sports Sciences, 17, 861–872; Terry, P. C., Lane, A. M., & Fogarty, G. J. (2003). Construct validity of the Profile of Mood States-Adolescents for use with adults. Psychology of Sport & Exercise, 4, 125–139.), the present study examined the validity and internal consistency reliability of the Chinese version of the Brunel Mood Scale (BRUMS-C) among 2,548 participants, comprising adolescent athletes (n = 520), adult athletes (n = 434), adolescent students (n = 673), and adult students (n = 921). Both adolescent and adult athletes completed the BRUMS-C before, during, or after regular training and both adolescent and adult students completed the BRUMS-C in a classroom setting. Confirmatory factor analyses (CFAs) provided support for the factorial validity of a 23-item six-factor model, with one item removed from the hypothesised measurement model. Internal consistency reliabilities were satisfactory for all subscales across each of the four samples. Criterion validity was supported with strong relationships between the BRUMS-C, abbreviated POMS, and Chinese Affect Scale consistent with theoretical predictions. Multi-sample CFAs showed the BRUMS-C to be invariant at the configural, metric, strong, and structural levels for all samples. Furthermore, latent mean difference analyses showed that athletes reported significantly higher levels of fatigue than students while maintaining almost the same levels of vigour, and adolescent students reported significantly higher levels of depressed mood than the other three samples. 相似文献
14.
Winter sports are played in cold conditions on ice or snow and often at moderate to high altitude. The most important nutritional challenges for winter sport athletes exposed to environmental extremes include increased energy expenditure, accelerated muscle and liver glycogen utilization, exacerbated fluid loss, and increased iron turnover. Winter sports, however, vary greatly regarding their nutritional requirements due to variable physiological and physique characteristics, energy and substrate demands, and environmental training and competition conditions. What most winter sport athletes have in common is a relatively lean physique and high-intensity training periods, thus they require greater energy and nutrient intakes, along with adequate food and fluid before, during, and after training. Event fuelling is most challenging for cross-country skiers competing in long events, ski jumpers aiming to reduce their body weight, and those winter sport athletes incurring repeated qualification rounds and heats. These athletes need to ensure carbohydrate availability throughout competition. Finally, winter sport athletes may benefit from dietary and sport supplements; however, attention should be paid to safety and efficacy if supplementation is considered. 相似文献
15.
男子皮划艇运动员赛前高原训练部分生化指标监控研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
在甘肃男子皮划艇队进行高原训练期间的部分生理生化指标进行了监控研究。研究表明：与平原相比,队员血红蛋白值高原训练期间显著增加（P＆lt;0.05）,个人血红蛋白平均增加1.1g/dl,增加幅度为0.6～1.9g/dl;血尿素值平原与高原没有差异,血红蛋白、血尿素变化与训练负荷安排有关。建议上高原前,在训练负荷安排上要为高原训练做好准备,以缩短在高原上的适应时间,同时高原训练也要重视力量素质训练。 相似文献
16.
模拟高原训练是能够避免高原训练弊端,最大程度激发机体生理潜能,提高运动员竞技水平的有效方法。本研究尝试从设计交替训练的海拔高度着手,通过应用人工低压氧舱模拟高原训练方法,建立固定海拔2500m、4000m以及2500m～4000m交替低氧训练的动物模型,通过应用生理和生化方法对大鼠心肌相关指标进行检测及研究分析,探讨不同海拔及交替海拔训练条件下大鼠心肌抗氧化能力、有氧代谢能力等的变化,从而为运动员高——高交替训练提供参考。实验以雄性Wister大鼠为实验对象,以递增负荷跑台训练方式建立动物训练模型。将筛选后的大鼠随机分为：常氧运动组、2500m低氧运动组、4000m低氧运动组、交替低氧运动组,每组8只。第1周到第4周各组分别以不同的跑台训练模型进行训练,下高原后第5天以25m／min的速度跑至力竭。全部断头处死后,取心肌组织,分别测试各组大鼠心肌中SOD、MDA、SDH、LDH、Ca^2＋-ATP酶活性的变化。实验结果表明：经过4周不同海拔低氧递增负荷跑台训练及下高原后4天的训练,交替低氧运动组大鼠心肌各指标,如SOD、SDH、Ca^2＋-ATP酶活性均高于其他各组,MDA低于其他各组,LDH活性组间无显著性变化。说明交替低氧训练既可以维持较高海拔的低氧刺激,又可以减少过高海拔造成的损伤,有利于机体恢复。 相似文献
17.
采用心理测量法,对自由式滑雪空中技巧国家队运动员2010—2011年陆上训练和雪上训练(冬训前后)的注意力、应激、训练状态、赛前情绪4项心理指标进行监测和分析,了解运动员的训练特征及心理状态。结果发现:运动员陆上训练和雪上训练心理状态是有差异的,不同性别的自由式滑雪空中技巧运动员心理状态呈现出不同特征;运动员的注意力处在一般水平,经过冬训注意力有所提高;经过冬训运动员的应激状态均有所改善,男队员改善明显,冬训后困扰男队员的主要为比赛所带来的压力,而女队员则主要为生活遭遇和运动损伤的压力。大部分运动员的赛前状态良好,一部分运动员存在轻、中和重度的心理疲劳。结论:对于自由式滑雪空中技巧项目运动员进行心理状态监测是非常必要的。对运动员采取的心理调节策略、方法应具有鲜明的个体性。 相似文献
18.
众多研究表明渐进式放松训练在对于缓解运动员疲劳,促进恢复,调节心理方面具有显著作用,采取实验法来研究渐进式放松训练方法对短跑运动训练后心率及心境状态的影响,以证实其对短跑运动训练的作用. 相似文献
19.
高原训练理论诸方面的发展 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
高原训练可划分为适应训练、系统训练、结束前训练三个阶段，持续４－６周较为普遍和适宜。１６００ｍ－２４００ｍ为适宜高度，１８００ｍ－２３００ｍ为最佳高原训练高度。下山参赛可形成两个竞技高峰，训练安排的好，高原效应可保持１－２个月。 相似文献
20.
通过对国家速度滑冰集训队和解放军冰上基地运动员高原训练前后肺活量、气体代谢、能量代谢、酶活性、血乳酸等生理生化指标进行测试,旨在探索高原训练对速滑运动员机体代谢水平的影响及所产生的生物学效应,为高原训练和比赛提供科学依据。研究发现,高原训练后能量代谢活跃,高原训练前后测值显示差异较大,酶活性指标改变不明显。高原训练对运动员机体产生应激作用较大,可以作为提高速滑运动员竞技能力的有效方法,在应用过程中还要根据受试者个体差异合理安排训练计划。 相似文献