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本文从增加值贸易的视角,考虑进口中间品对出口品技术含量的影响,构建了全国和制造业出口产品国内技术含量测度指标,利用OECD投入产出数据库,选取59个国家作为样本,测算了中国及制造业整体、按要素禀赋区分的劳动密集型、资本密集型和技术密集型三类制造业行业,以及制造业16个细分行业出口产品的国内技术含量贡献。研究发现,中国出口产品的国内技术含量总量在国际上占据绝对优势,但制造业的国内技术含量贡献与要素禀赋呈反比,劳动密集型行业仍具有重要作用;资本密集型行业受自然资源约束,发展空间有限;技术密集型行业虽然出口份额最大,国内技术含量总量最多,但国外生产通过中间品贸易进入的成分还很多,导致中国制造业整体国内技术含量偏低。 相似文献
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The impact of technology-push and demand-pull policies on technical change - Does the locus of policies matter? 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Michael Peters Malte SchneiderTobias Griesshaber Volker H. Hoffmann 《Research Policy》2012,41(8):1296-1308
How to foster technical change is a highly relevant and intricate question in the arena of policymaking. Various studies have shown that technology-push and demand-pull policies induce innovation. However, there is a lack of work that distinguishes between the loci of policy support when assessing the policy-innovation relationship. We address this gap by shedding light on the question how the innovation effects of domestic and foreign demand-pull and technology-push policies differ. Using solar photovoltaic modules as a research case we conduct a panel analysis on 15 OECD countries over the period 1978 through 2005 with patent data. Three key findings emerged: First, our analyses find no evidence that domestic technology-push policies foster innovative output outside of national borders. Second, both domestic and foreign demand-pull policies trigger innovative output in a country. Third, we detect no indication that market growth induced by domestic demand-pull policies leads to more national innovative output than market growth induced by foreign demand-pull policies. Consequently, demand-pull policies create significant country-level innovation spillovers, which could disincentivize national policymakers to engage in domestic market creation. Based on these findings we discuss the need to establish supranational demand-pull policy schemes in order to address the spillover issue. 相似文献
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Information and Communication Technology Challenges to Scientific Professional Identity 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
Increasingly, information and communication technology (ICT) uses are transforming professional activities and interactions in ways that challenge traditional assumptions about professional identity. In this article, we consider the ways in which the professional identities of research scientists in oceanography and marine biology are shaped by the use of ICTs. We draw empirical data from an ongoing study of scientific research collaborations that examines uses of basic communication technologies, as well as scientific technologies with embedded ICT components. Our analysis suggests that development and use of ICT-enabled scientific technologies are identity enhancing for many scientists, facilitating their development of unique areas of scientific knowledge. ICT-related changes in data collection, collaborative coordination, and scientific interaction also challenge traditional definitions of expertise and professional identity. An examination of these challenges directs attention to the project identities that form around ICT-enabled scientific technologies and the ways that those project identities are enacted through ICTs. 相似文献
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Stronger protection of patent rights is thought to spur innovation through securing returns to R&D investments. Those investments must be financed, however, suggesting that the responsiveness of R&D to patent reforms varies with financial development levels. We examine the joint impact of domestic and international financial-market development and patent protection on R&D intensities in 22 manufacturing industries in 20 OECD countries for the period 1990-2009. We show that stronger patent rights increase R&D intensities in patent-intensive industries, accounting for the need for external financing and the amount of tangible assets. The primary impact varies across types of financial development: patent protection raises R&D in high-patent industries where countries have more limited equity and credit markets. In contrast, in countries with more developed bond markets industry R&D is more sensitive to patent rights. Interestingly, patent rights in countries that are more exposed to foreign direct investment increase R&D intensities at all levels of financial development. 相似文献
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This study explores the channels through which technological investments affect productivity performance of industrialized economies. Using a Stochastic Frontier Model (SFM) we estimate the productivity effects of R&D and ICT for a large sample of OECD industries between 1973 and 2007, identifying four channels of transmission: input accumulation, technological change, technical efficiency and spillovers. Our results show that ICT has been particularly effective in reducing production inefficiency and in generating inter-industry spillovers, while R&D has raised the rate of technical change and favoured knowledge spillovers within sectors. We also quantify the contribution of technological investments to output and total factor productivity growth documenting that R&D and ICT accounted for almost 95% of productivity growth in the OECD area. 相似文献
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《Research Policy》2004,33(6-7):879-895
This paper examines the link between imported technologies and a country’s export performance, as measured by product quality. The analysis is set in the background of the process of regional integration between the European Union (EU) and its neighbouring developing countries. The underlying question is whether trade integration fosters or dampens learning and technological upgrading. We find that unit values of exports from these countries to the EU rose steadily between 1988 and 1996, relative to the unit values of world exports to Europe. If increases in unit values satisfactorily proxy increases in product quality, then trade integration has fostered product upgrading and technological learning in the sample countries. We find that imported technologies and other sources of knowledge have a strong bearing on this pattern. Technological inflows are captured by the degree of involvement of European companies in export flows from our sample countries (outward processing trade (OPT)) and by the skill content of the machines imported.Non-technical abstractTrade and greater economic integration affect the upgrading of technologies in less advanced areas. The open questions pertain to the direction of such change and to the channels through which technologies are transmitted. This paper explores the role of a few different channels for importing technologies and their impact on export performance. The study is set in the context of the process of economic integration between the EU and its neighbouring developing countries, in particular Central and Eastern European Countries (CEECs) and the Southern Mediterranean Countries (SMCs).New potential sources of technological inputs become available with declining trade barriers. Some of these technological inputs are deliberately purchased (new machines, foreign investments, skilled personnel) and others are acquired through spillovers, by trading with more technologically advanced partners, by gathering information in foreign markets, by learning from sophisticated imported goods.In the present paper export performance is defined in terms of the quality of exported products, on the presumption that higher quality products imply the use of more complex technologies and have a strong learning potential. We find that unit values of exports from the sample countries to the EU rose steadily between 1988 and 1996, relative to the unit values of world exports to Europe.We then investigate whether imported technologies and other sources of knowledge have some bearing on this pattern. Particular attention is devoted to the technologies embodied in the machines. We develop a measure of technological complexity of the machines imported related to the level of skills required to use them. We also jointly estimate the role of outward processing trade which indirectly captures foreign investments and other forms of involvement of European firms in our sample countries.These channels of technological imports appear to have a statistically discernible and positive role on product quality for all the countries analysed. Imported machines are the most important determinant of product upgrading in the SMCs, while foreign firms play a dominant role in the CEECs.This result is consistent with stylised facts. The pattern of trade liberalisation and specialisation was quite different for the two groups of countries. In the CEECs liberalisation was sudden and drastic. Trade patterns changed considerably, both in terms of products and market destination. Foreign companies are playing a crucial role in this pattern of transition. In the SMCs things have been smoother. Trade is being liberalised more gradually and many of these countries have a strong specialisation in textiles. Although based on imported technologies, upgrading and learning appears to be rooted in the local production structure rather than being channelled by foreign companies. 相似文献
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与其它经济体比较起来,中国制造业企业表现出更高的出口参与率。现有研究认为,贸易成本的下降是导致中国制造业企业呈现高出口倾向的主要原因。与这个视角不同,本文从国内市场竞争环境的变化出发,考察了国内市场竞争对中国制造业企业出口倾向的影响。在这个新的视角下,我们得到了以下结果：（1）国内市场的竞争程度与企业层面的出口倾向正相关,因而,激烈的国内市场竞争推动了企业出口;（2）在经济机制上,国内市场竞争推动了企业层面全要素生产率的增长,进而通过出口竞争力的提升推动了企业出口;（3）国内市场竞争不仅在扩展边际上推动了更多的企业出口,而且在集约边际上促进了企业出口强度的提高。这些结果表明,激烈的国内市场竞争增进了中国制造业企业在国外市场上的出口竞争力。因此,我们促进出口的政策应该更多地转向以培育竞争性市场为中心的微观经济政策。 相似文献
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《Research Policy》2022,51(10):104601
We study differences in the returns to R&D investment between German manufacturing firms that sell in international markets and firms that only sell in the domestic market. Using firm-level data for five high-tech manufacturing sectors, we estimate a dynamic structural model of a firm's discrete decision to invest in R&D and use it to measure the difference in expected long-run benefit from R&D investment for exporting and domestic firms. The results show that R&D investment leads to higher rates of product and process innovation among exporting firms and these innovations have a larger economic return in export market sales than domestic market sales. As a result of this higher payoff to R&D investment, exporting firms invest in R&D more frequently than domestic firms, and this endogenously generates higher rates of productivity growth. We use the model to simulate the introduction of export and import tariffs on German exporters, and find that a 20 % export tariff reduces the long-run payoff to R&D by 24.2 to 46.9 % for the median firm across the five industries. Overall, export market sales contribute significantly to the firm's return on R&D investment which, in turn, raises future firm value, providing a source of dynamic gains from trade. 相似文献
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过去的几十年,中国通过支持偏离自身比较优势产业的发展使本国出口技术复杂度得到了快速提升,但这种发展同时伴随着政府的市场干预和较低的资源利用效率。我们以政府干预为切入点,利用STIRPAT模型并结合GMM-System估计方法研究发现：在排除市场扭曲干扰时,出口技术“适应性”偏离比较优势的赶超有助于提高资源利用效率,从而降低碳排放强度;考虑市场扭曲时,出口技术赶超的减排效应发生重要改变,具体地,市场扭曲使得出口技术较低程度的赶超不利于经济发展水平落后和资源要素富集地区的减排,只有当这种赶超在较大距离上偏离比较优势时则会扭转消极影响,但目前并未实现;市场扭曲抑制了经济发展水平较高和资源匮乏地区的资源、劳动密集型行业出口技术赶超对资源利用效率的积极效应。 相似文献
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ICT领域跨学科关联度的块段模型分析——基于我国校企合作申请的专利 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
校企合作申请的发明专利能很好地反映高校科研成果供应与企业核心技术需求的对接。尝试以这类专利的主、次分类号为切入点,借助2009年OECD有关ICT领域的展望和政策,首次采用块段模型,分析该领域四大技术主题内部及其与非ICT领域间跨学科的技术关联,区别四大主题的技术路径依赖,挖掘技术平台,预测研发重点。助于我国ICT核心技术的把握和研发战略的布局,助于企业开展竞争情报分析,也为跨学科研究及其产业化提供了借鉴。 相似文献
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创新绩效提升是企业可持续发展的重要议题。已有研究基本构建了内部知识创造系统、外部知识获取系统和创新绩效三者之间的研究框架,但外部知识获取系统并没有包含企业出口要素。本文尝试以中国209家高技术产业上市公司为样本,在外部知识获取系统中纳入出口要素,拓展构建了创新绩效的研究框架,利用结构方程模型探讨企业出口活动、研发合作、吸收能力和创新绩效四者之间的关系。研究结果证实了吸收能力是影响企业创新绩效的重要因素,进一步发现吸收能力不仅能直接促进创新绩效,还在出口活动、研发合作对创新绩效的影响中存在中介作用;高技术企业的出口活动与吸收能力之间同时存在“自我选择”与“出口学习”效应;研发合作、吸收能力与出口活动之间存在“良性循环”。 相似文献
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《Research Policy》2023,52(1):104644
The paper elaborates an empirical study on the relation between trade competitiveness and energy policy based on a bilateral gravity model applied to a panel of 19 EU countries over the period 1990–2015. We focus on harmonisation of domestic policies and on the speed of convergence towards low-carbon energy targets. By explicitly connecting international trade with innovation and economic competitiveness, we fill a gap in the literature on the sustainable energy transition. Our analysis yields three main findings. First, bilateral policy alignment matters for trade performance. Second, the more balanced and comprehensive the domestic policy mix, the higher the export capacity. Third, countries at the frontier of the EU transition process gain market shares at the expense of those lagging behind. 相似文献
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Embodied knowledge and sectoral linkages: An input-output approach to the interaction of high- and low-tech industries 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
This paper considers the measurement of the direct and indirect flows of knowledge between different technology-intensive industries in France, Germany, Norway, Sweden, and the United States. Using the OECD Input-Output database and the ANBERD database, we show that product-embodied knowledge accounts for about half of total technology use, on average, but with a substantial variation between industries. We then develop a general two-sector linkage measure that allows us to examine the interaction between predominantly technology producing industries (generally high-tech) and predominantly technology using industries (generally low-tech). This study shows that the medium-high and medium-low tech industries, identified as specialized-supplier and scale-intensive industries, including knowledge-intensive business services (KIBS), are essential for the production, diffusion and use of technology, and hence for economic growth. 相似文献
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This paper investigates domestic and foreign innovating firms’ determinants of R&D collaboration with domestic universities and public knowledge institutes in Finland and the Netherlands. We put particular emphasis on the impact of incoming academic spillovers on the probability to co-operate with these public R&D institutes.Based on data from Community Innovation Surveys we find that foreign firms in the Netherlands are less likely to co-operate with domestic public knowledge institutions than domestic firms, while in Finland no significant difference can be detected. Another result is that incoming knowledge spillovers are an important determinant for R&D collaboration with domestic public knowledge institutions in both countries. In case of foreign firms in Finland, incoming knowledge spillovers affect the probability to co-operate with public knowledge institutions more positively compared to domestic firms. For the Netherlands no substantial difference could be found in this respect. Further, innovating firms in Finland that require academic or basic knowledge do not co-operate significantly more with public knowledge institutions than those that need applied knowledge. At the same time they are willing to share knowledge with public R&D partners. In the Netherlands innovating firms that require relatively more basic than applied knowledge, increase the probability of co-operation with Dutch universities and public knowledge institutions but there is reluctance to share proprietary knowledge with public R&D partners. For both countries no significant difference between foreign and domestic firms with regard to academic knowledge requirements could be found. This raises the issue whether Finnish innovation policies with a strong focus on R&D co-operation provide incentives for strategic behaviour by domestic public partners to put more emphasis on applied research. 相似文献
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基于知识来源的视角,以中国ICT产业为例,检验了企业所有权对内外部知识网络选择和创新绩效的影响,以及内外部知识网络对企业所有权与创新绩效之间关系的调节作用。研究结果表明,内资企业和外资企业在内外部知识网络选择上存在差异,内资企业总部和独立企业比外资企业的子公司更善于开展本土创新合作,内资企业总部比外资企业的子公司具有更高的内部研发投入;而外资企业的子公司比独立企业更善于开展国际创新合作和技术采购;内资企业和外资企业在利用公司内部网络上没有显著差异。内资企业的创新绩效优于外资企业的子公司,而且不同所有权类型的企业选择不同的内外部知识网络对创新绩效的影响存在差异。 相似文献
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本文使用投入产出模型,基于最新的GTAP8数据库,分析了2004年和2007年中国与发达国家和发展中国家贸易隐含碳流向、结构及变化,结果显示中国均为隐含碳净出口国。基于LMDI法对隐含碳净出口进一步分解发现,影响中国对发达国家和发展中国家隐含碳净出口的因素不同,贸易顺差和排放系数差异是导致中国对发达国家隐含碳净出口的关键因素,行业结构差异和排放系数差异是影响中国对发展中国家净出口的关键原因。这与发达国家、中国和其他发展中国家在全球产业链中的分工密切相关。2004-2007年,中国出口结构逐渐转向高端制造业,生产技术逐渐接近发达国家水平。未来随着中国国内技术进步和产业升级、出口结构优化,隐含碳净出口将会下降,贸易对中国碳排放的驱动力会减弱。 相似文献
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This article considers the role of domestic knowledge capabilities for developing countries and emerging economies, and in particular in the build-up of their national systems of innovation. Using bibliometric methods, we describe the geographic sources of knowledge and the users of Brazilian research in 2005–2009, and analyze the roles of domestic and foreign knowledge bases in it. Our results suggest that increasing reliance on domestic sources of knowledge is a feature of Brazil's improved science and technology capabilities. The ascendancy of Brazil's research informs us about the unfolding re-organization of global research, too, underlining nascent South-South knowledge flows, the prevailing relevance of EU research, and the relative decline of US research for Brazilian knowledge creation. 相似文献