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Why are some university researchers more likely to create spin-offs than others? Evidence from Canadian universities 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：2
This paper addresses the following question: why are some university researchers more likely to create spin-off companies than others? In order to explain why university researchers create spin-offs, we draw on the resource-based theory of the firm. The study database consists of 1554 university researchers funded by the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC). The logistic regression results suggest that the traditional and entrepreneurial visions of university research complement each other when one looks at the resources mobilized by researchers to launch spin-offs. 相似文献
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The influence of the university department upon spin-off venture evolution is complex and dynamic. We examine how the university department context influences the spin-off process from the perspectives of both the spin-off venture and the department. By comparing the development of entrepreneurial competencies within spin-offs based in different departments at the same universities we observed significant differences in early venture performance. Small differences in initial departmental support from management and senior academics for gaining commercial experience and spending time exploring the commercial opportunity were seen to have a major impact upon the subsequent spin-off development path. Supported ventures gained momentum as the department helped develop entrepreneurial competencies and influenced how these competencies were developed from external actors outside the department. By contrast, a lack of departmental support for entrepreneurship severely constrained the evolution of spin-offs regardless of university level policies and practices. This emphasizes the need for a shift in focus from the well-studied university level to the relatively neglected department level to help explain institutional differences in university spin-off activity. 相似文献
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Henry Chesbrough 《Research Policy》2003,32(3):403-421
Companies that conduct internal research cannot fully specify the output from that research in advance. Inevitably, spillovers may result. A company might choose to create a technology spin-off company to realize value from such research spillovers. But how is such a spin-off to be governed? Effective spin-off governance structures in a highly uncertain environment must promote experimentation and adaptation, in order to unlock the latent value in a technology. These can conflict with structures intended to manage coordination with the parent firm’s complementary assets.This paper analyses 35 spin-off organizations that arose from the Xerox Corporation. Xerox’s own initial equity position is negatively correlated with the subsequent performance of its spin-offs, but this is due not to their equity per se, but Xerox’s practices in managing its spin-offs. Spin-offs with a higher percentage of venture capital investors on their Boards were associated with higher financial performance, while spin-offs with a Xerox insider as CEO were associated with lower financial performance. Qualitative interview data suggest that Xerox’s practices caused its spin-offs to search locally near Xerox’s own business, while spin-offs governed by outside investors’ practices searched a broader space for commercializing their technologies. 相似文献
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What drives scientists to start their own company?: An empirical investigation of Max Planck Society scientists 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Studies on academic spin-off companies have shown that the researchers’ scientific potential, experience and established networks with other scientists or companies affect entrepreneurial activity. Most studies investigate official data such as patents and citations or qualitatively study a research group or spin-off formation. Only a few studies focus on the individual scientist. Our study fills this gap by analyzing survey interviews of 2604 scientists working for the Max Planck Society in Germany. Our empirical results indicate that the entrepreneurial activities of scientists heavily depend on patenting activity, entrepreneurial experience, and personal opinions about the benefits of commercializing research and close personal ties to industry. 相似文献
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学术创业企业的成长伴随着从科研网络向产业网络的跨越,为了解析其成长机理,本文以中美两国共14个学术创业案例为依据,从“社会网络—合法性”视角分析企业网络的动态演化,并着重探讨了各阶段合法性约束的种类、身份转化劣势的作用机制以及合法性策略选择的情境条件。研究发现：（1）学术创业者在创业者存在身份转换劣势,并给企业带来合法性约束。（2）根据网络边界跨越方式的不同,创业者建立合法性的策略可分为直驱型策略和迂回型策略。（3）合法性策略的选择受到企业所在网络的多样性和自身技术新颖性的影响。基于学术创业的特殊情境,论文提出身份转换劣势的概念,并为企业成长理论和合法性理论做出贡献。 相似文献
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股东多样性对衍生企业绩效的影响机制研究———研发投入的中介作用 《科学学研究》2021,39(11):2005-2012
学术创业对于国家的技术进步、创新能力提升和区域经济发展都有着非常重要的影响,大学/科研院所衍生企业是学术创业的重要形式之一,也是促进科技成果转化的重要途径之一。近年来衍生企业相关研究逐渐兴起,成为学术界和产业界关注的热点话题。文章基于中国科学院及其各研究院所358家衍生企业2008-2017年的面板数据,采用固定效应模型,从资源基础理论和代理理论出发,探究了学术衍生企业的股东特征对衍生企业绩效的影响机制。结果发现,衍生企业的股东多样性对企业的专利产出和财务绩效均有显著的促进作用,研发投入在股东多样性与企业绩效中间起中介作用,股东多样性水平越高,对企业研发投入和企业绩效的促进作用越强。 相似文献
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学术型企业家在大学衍生企业的创建与成长过程中扮演着重要角色。基于全国“211工程”大学衍生企业的调研数据,利用结构方程建模技术实证检验了在学术与产业两种不同环境的支持效应下学术型企业家的创业驱动机理,并探讨学术型企业家的创业行为如何作用于大学衍生企业的绩效表现。研究发现：学术型企业家的创业感知作为中介变量,影响了环境支持对于创业行为的促进模式,形成了“环境支持→创业感知→创业行为”的创业驱动机制,并且,学术型企业家的创业行为对大学衍生企业的绩效表现有显著的积极贡献。在这一过程中,学术环境支持要素与产业环境支持要素的支持方式有所差异。 相似文献
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准确评估风险投资的进入时间、技术偏好对创业企业创新绩效的影响,对我国风险投资发展、指导未来我国产业结构转型升级具有重要意义。本文与进入创业企业的时间联系,考虑其技术偏好,构筑了“风险投资进入时间--技术偏好--创业企业创新绩效影响”逻辑链条;并以2009-2012年创业板制造业企业为例,采用PSM方法,分析了不同时间进入的风险投资的技术偏好及其对创业企业创新绩效的影响得到：上市前1年内进入的风险投资的技术偏好不显著,对创业企业创新绩效的动态促进作用不显著,无论是突破式创新还是渐进式创新;上市前1年以上进入的风险投资的技术偏好显著,对创业企业创新绩效存在显著的动态促进作用,但随着时间推移,对创业企业创新绩效的影响程度越来越小,且对渐进式创新影响的持续性和程度大于突破式创新。 相似文献
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We consider the managerial and policy implications of the rise of spin-offs at public research institutions (PRIs), based on a knowledge-based view (KBV) of the firm. This framework highlights the importance of knowledge in the creation and development of spin-offs. We argue that in order to understand the development of spin-offs, researchers should focus on “knowledge gaps” these new ventures encounter. Knowledge gaps can occur at different levels of aggregation, including the PRI, spin-off, team, individual, incubator, and at different stages of spin-off development. Based on this framework, we synthesize findings from previous studies and papers in the special issue and offer some suggestions for additional research on spin-offs from PRIs. 相似文献
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文基于期望理论视角拓展了创业导向与创业绩效的经典模型,通过数据调查实证检验了学术型创业者动机、创业导向以及大学衍生企业绩效三者之间的关系,得出结论：学术型创业者动机与创业绩效具有正向关系,创业导向与创业绩效具有正向关系;创业导向在学术型创业者动机与衍生企业绩效之间起中介作用. 相似文献
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大学衍生企业作为科研成果商业化的主要途径,其成长性一直是国内外学术界研究的热点问题。本文基于角色认同视角,以203家中国大学衍生企业为研究样本,通过问卷调查并利用结构方程模型实证检验了学者创业角色、创业导向以及大学衍生企业创业绩效之间的关系,研究结果表明：（1）学者创业角色促进了衍生企业创业绩效的提升;（2）学者创业角色对创业导向产生了积极作用;（3）创业导向对学者创业角色与衍生企业创业绩效之间的关系具有部分中介作用。 相似文献
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This paper proposes a taxonomy of corporate spin-off firms by exploring the nature of parent firm-spin-off firm relationship. Relying on the resource-based and the resource-dependence theory, special attention is paid to the complementarity of the resource base of the parent firm relative to its spin-off, the intensity of collaboration between the parent and the spin-off, and the dependence of the spin-off firm on the resources provided by the parent organization. Based on cluster analysis, we were able to identify three distinct groups of corporate spin-off firms: spin-offs developing new technologies, spin-offs serving new markets and restructuring spin-offs. These groups differ from one another in terms of the intensity of resource sharing linkages and knowledge transfer between the parent and the spin-off, timing of separation, as well as the direction and breadth of their new product development activities. 相似文献
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大学衍生企业从母体大学、政府、产业合作伙伴、学者发明人等利益相关者所构成的创业支持网络中获取外部资源。基于全国"211工程"大学衍生企业的调研数据,系统探讨了大学衍生企业创业支持网络的构成要素及其有效性,即网络中不同节点的支持要素如何作用于企业的创业导向和绩效表现。结果表明,我国大学衍生企业的创业支持网络并没有形成有效的衔接机制,大学衍生企业的创业导向形成与绩效表现主要依赖于母体大学和政府主导的区域环境,而产业合作伙伴、学者发明人却没有显著的支持效应。同时,企业的治理结构调节了网络中各支持要素的有效性。 相似文献
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基于网络嵌入的视角,本文探索大学知识溢出驱动的技术创业过程中,企业通过对学术与产业网络嵌入来构建创业能力,获得成长动力的机制,并运用结构方程模型进行了实证检验。结果表明,创新探索能力和资源开发能力所组成的双元创业能力是创业企业有效利用网络资源并转化为成长绩效的内部关键因素。进一步研究发现,企业在向学术与产业网络的关系嵌入与结构嵌入中,创新探索能力得到了更显著的提高,对企业成长绩效的促进效应也更积极。并且,创生属性的特殊性导致大学衍生企业(USO)与产业衍生企业(CSO)的双元创业能力构建模式呈现出明显差异。 相似文献
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In this paper, we analyze the extent to which University-Level Support Mechanisms (ULSMs) and Local-Context Support Mechanisms (LCSMs) complement or substitute for each other in fostering the creation of academic spin-offs. Using a sample of 404 companies spun off from the 64 Italian Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics universities (STEM universities) over the 2000–2007 period, we show that the ULSMs’ marginal effect on universities’ spin-off productivity may be positive or negative depending on the contribution offered by different LCSMs. Specifically, in any given region, ULSMs complement the legislative support offered to high-tech entrepreneurship whereas they have a substitution effect with regard to the amount of regional social capital, regional financial development, the presence of a regional business incubator, regional public R&D expenses as well as the level of innovative performance in the region. Results support the idea that regional settings’ idiosyncrasies should be considered for universities to develop effective spin-off support policies. This paper contributes to the debate on the evaluation of economic policies supporting entrepreneurship. 相似文献
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Startups by recent university graduates and their faculty: Implications for university entrepreneurship policy 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
Earlier research on the role of universities in fostering entrepreneurial economic development almost exclusively covers spin-offs by faculty and staff. In contrast, we provide general evidence from the U.S. showing that the gross flow of start-ups by recently graduated students with an undergraduate degree in science or engineering is at least an order of magnitude larger than the spin-offs by their faculty, that a recent graduate is twice as likely as her Professor to start a business within three years of graduation, and that the graduates’ spin-offs are not of low quality. Three case studies illustrate how universities may stimulate science and engineering students and recent graduates to create new firms of high quality. We conclude that transforming university goals and practices toward increasing start-ups led by faculty might not be the most effective way for universities to stimulate entrepreneurial economic development. 相似文献
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中国科学院创立技术衍生公司的活动开始形成系统化的模式,而认识和研究尚显不足,本文于此做了经验研究。首先,通过辨析科研机构创立技术衍生公司模式的概念,提出了一个五维两联结的描述性分析框架,据此解构了当前中国科学院各个维度和联结的特征,描述了中国科学院创立技术衍生公司的经验模式。之后,对中国科学院创立技术衍生公司的模式作了评述,提出了改进建议,并对照科研机构创立技术衍生公司的理论,提出了研究建议。 相似文献