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This paper investigated how universities facilitate the process of spin-off venture formation based on academic research. Building on a capability perspective, we add to the literature on university characteristics and resources by exploring how the university context impacts the entrepreneurial process. We based our study on two mid-range universities and followed the start-up process of four spin-off ventures. Based on the results of our longitudinal study, we propose a set of three university capabilities that facilitate the venture-formation process: (1) creating new paths of action, (2) balancing both academic and commercial interests, and (3) integrating new resources. Each capability is particularly important for specific phases in the venturing process. Our findings suggest that these capabilities are dependent on prior spin-off experience and reside within several actors both inside and outside of the university. Furthermore, universities with weaknesses in the identified areas can take strategic action to develop these capabilities to some degree. 相似文献
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Nascent academic entrepreneurs need to acquire entrepreneurial competencies to create successful spin-off ventures. In this article, we examine difficulties in this pursuit prior to venture formation and offer a systematic classification of inhibitors. We confirm, combine, and extend two previously identified inhibiting mechanisms into a relational inhibitor category, classify additional structural and cultural-cognitive inhibitors, and highlight how these inhibitors exist both at the individual and the organizational level. We then advance theoretical understanding of the interrelated, multilevel functions of inhibitors on the development of entrepreneurial competencies, and offer policy insights on how universities can mitigate their effects. 相似文献
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Why are some university researchers more likely to create spin-offs than others? Evidence from Canadian universities 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：2
This paper addresses the following question: why are some university researchers more likely to create spin-off companies than others? In order to explain why university researchers create spin-offs, we draw on the resource-based theory of the firm. The study database consists of 1554 university researchers funded by the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC). The logistic regression results suggest that the traditional and entrepreneurial visions of university research complement each other when one looks at the resources mobilized by researchers to launch spin-offs. 相似文献
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学术创业企业的成长伴随着从科研网络向产业网络的跨越,为了解析其成长机理,本文以中美两国共14个学术创业案例为依据,从“社会网络—合法性”视角分析企业网络的动态演化,并着重探讨了各阶段合法性约束的种类、身份转化劣势的作用机制以及合法性策略选择的情境条件。研究发现：（1）学术创业者在创业者存在身份转换劣势,并给企业带来合法性约束。（2）根据网络边界跨越方式的不同,创业者建立合法性的策略可分为直驱型策略和迂回型策略。（3）合法性策略的选择受到企业所在网络的多样性和自身技术新颖性的影响。基于学术创业的特殊情境,论文提出身份转换劣势的概念,并为企业成长理论和合法性理论做出贡献。 相似文献
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The paper reports on a recent study, which uses various indicators to provide an insight on the performance of spin-off companies from the public sector research base in Oxfordshire (UK). The study builds upon the other studies and fills a gap in the field by gathering empirical information on the performance of technology-based spin-off companies. While the main geographical focus is the county of Oxfordshire, UK, the findings will also be of value for other researchers and institutions with an interest in assessing the performance of spin-off firms. The evidence shows that the number of spin-offs in Oxfordshire has increased rapidly over recent years, as the result of evolving national policy and the entrepreneurial culture of the universities and laboratories. However, the academics and scientists in Oxfordshire's institutions were already entrepreneurial in the 1950s, less so in the 1960s, but increasingly in the 1970s and 1980s, particularly in Oxford University, which is by far the largest generator of spin-offs in the region. 相似文献
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Henry Chesbrough 《Research Policy》2003,32(3):403-421
Companies that conduct internal research cannot fully specify the output from that research in advance. Inevitably, spillovers may result. A company might choose to create a technology spin-off company to realize value from such research spillovers. But how is such a spin-off to be governed? Effective spin-off governance structures in a highly uncertain environment must promote experimentation and adaptation, in order to unlock the latent value in a technology. These can conflict with structures intended to manage coordination with the parent firm’s complementary assets.This paper analyses 35 spin-off organizations that arose from the Xerox Corporation. Xerox’s own initial equity position is negatively correlated with the subsequent performance of its spin-offs, but this is due not to their equity per se, but Xerox’s practices in managing its spin-offs. Spin-offs with a higher percentage of venture capital investors on their Boards were associated with higher financial performance, while spin-offs with a Xerox insider as CEO were associated with lower financial performance. Qualitative interview data suggest that Xerox’s practices caused its spin-offs to search locally near Xerox’s own business, while spin-offs governed by outside investors’ practices searched a broader space for commercializing their technologies. 相似文献
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Startups by recent university graduates and their faculty: Implications for university entrepreneurship policy 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
Earlier research on the role of universities in fostering entrepreneurial economic development almost exclusively covers spin-offs by faculty and staff. In contrast, we provide general evidence from the U.S. showing that the gross flow of start-ups by recently graduated students with an undergraduate degree in science or engineering is at least an order of magnitude larger than the spin-offs by their faculty, that a recent graduate is twice as likely as her Professor to start a business within three years of graduation, and that the graduates’ spin-offs are not of low quality. Three case studies illustrate how universities may stimulate science and engineering students and recent graduates to create new firms of high quality. We conclude that transforming university goals and practices toward increasing start-ups led by faculty might not be the most effective way for universities to stimulate entrepreneurial economic development. 相似文献
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The effectiveness of university knowledge spillovers: Performance differences between university spinoffs and corporate spinoffs 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
While much prior research has focused upon how the Technology Transfer Offices (TTOs) and other contextual characteristics shape the level of university spinoffs (USO), there is little research on entrepreneurial potential among individual academics, and to the best of our knowledge, no comparative studies with other types of spinoffs exist to date. In this paper we focus on an important but neglected aspect of knowledge transfer from academic research involving the indirect flow to entrepreneurship by individuals with a university education background who become involved in new venture creation by means of corporate spinoffs (CSO) after gaining industrial experience, rather than leaving university employment to found a new venture as an academic spinoff. We argue that the commercial knowledge gained by industry experience is potentially more valuable for entrepreneurial performance compared to the academic knowledge gained by additional research experience at a university. This leads us to posit that the average performance of CSOs will be higher than comparable USOs, but the gains from founder‘s prior experiences will be relatively higher among USOs whose founders lack the corporate context. We investigate these propositions in a comparative study tracking the complete population of USOs and CSOs among the Swedish knowledge-intensive sectors between 1994 and 2002. 相似文献
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大学衍生企业从母体大学、政府、产业合作伙伴、学者发明人等利益相关者所构成的创业支持网络中获取外部资源。基于全国"211工程"大学衍生企业的调研数据,系统探讨了大学衍生企业创业支持网络的构成要素及其有效性,即网络中不同节点的支持要素如何作用于企业的创业导向和绩效表现。结果表明,我国大学衍生企业的创业支持网络并没有形成有效的衔接机制,大学衍生企业的创业导向形成与绩效表现主要依赖于母体大学和政府主导的区域环境,而产业合作伙伴、学者发明人却没有显著的支持效应。同时,企业的治理结构调节了网络中各支持要素的有效性。 相似文献
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Professorial entrepreneurship has recently attracted much attention. This paper draws upon historical research, a survey of faculty, and an Internet-based methodology for identifying professorial affiliations with entrepreneurial firms at two of the premier electrical engineering and computer science departments in the US, The University of California, Berkeley and Stanford. We employ the concept of “nested embeddedness” to explain why the faculty members in these two institutions have different levels of entrepreneurship and corporate involvement. EE&CS faculty at both universities were found to be socially embedded in departments and disciplines that supported and placed value on entrepreneurial activities. However, while being embedded in a university environment with a history of success and high level of support for entrepreneurship, EE&CS faculty at Stanford had a significantly greater level of corporate involvement, including the founding of start-ups. Although significantly less than Stanford, the level of corporate involvement among EE&CS faculty at Berkeley was also substantial. This suggests that being embedded in an academic department and disciplines with cultures that are supportive of entrepreneurial activity can help counteract the disincentives created by a university environment that is not strongly supportive of these activities. 相似文献
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This paper proposes a taxonomy of corporate spin-off firms by exploring the nature of parent firm-spin-off firm relationship. Relying on the resource-based and the resource-dependence theory, special attention is paid to the complementarity of the resource base of the parent firm relative to its spin-off, the intensity of collaboration between the parent and the spin-off, and the dependence of the spin-off firm on the resources provided by the parent organization. Based on cluster analysis, we were able to identify three distinct groups of corporate spin-off firms: spin-offs developing new technologies, spin-offs serving new markets and restructuring spin-offs. These groups differ from one another in terms of the intensity of resource sharing linkages and knowledge transfer between the parent and the spin-off, timing of separation, as well as the direction and breadth of their new product development activities. 相似文献
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We consider the managerial and policy implications of the rise of spin-offs at public research institutions (PRIs), based on a knowledge-based view (KBV) of the firm. This framework highlights the importance of knowledge in the creation and development of spin-offs. We argue that in order to understand the development of spin-offs, researchers should focus on “knowledge gaps” these new ventures encounter. Knowledge gaps can occur at different levels of aggregation, including the PRI, spin-off, team, individual, incubator, and at different stages of spin-off development. Based on this framework, we synthesize findings from previous studies and papers in the special issue and offer some suggestions for additional research on spin-offs from PRIs. 相似文献
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集群情景下大学衍生企业创业行为的关键影响因素——基于扎根理论的探索性研究 《科学学研究》2013,(1):92-103
集群情景下大学衍生企业的创业实践日益受到来自各领域学者的关注,其中,创业行为的关键影响因素问题日显突出。基于扎根理论,本文提炼了CREC影响因素模型,包括团队创业认知、创业资源整合、创业网络嵌入和集群创业情景4个主范畴,以及对应的16个子范畴;以此为基础,进一步阐释了模型中主范畴的影响机理。研究丰富了现有创业理论,对大学衍生企业的创业实践具有现实指导价值。 相似文献
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学术型企业家在大学衍生企业的创建与成长过程中扮演着重要角色。基于全国“211工程”大学衍生企业的调研数据,利用结构方程建模技术实证检验了在学术与产业两种不同环境的支持效应下学术型企业家的创业驱动机理,并探讨学术型企业家的创业行为如何作用于大学衍生企业的绩效表现。研究发现：学术型企业家的创业感知作为中介变量,影响了环境支持对于创业行为的促进模式,形成了“环境支持→创业感知→创业行为”的创业驱动机制,并且,学术型企业家的创业行为对大学衍生企业的绩效表现有显著的积极贡献。在这一过程中,学术环境支持要素与产业环境支持要素的支持方式有所差异。 相似文献
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随着生物制药、纳米、新材料等领域的崛起,一种新的基于科学的创业企业随之诞生。这类企业与基础科学研究紧密相连,推动着科学的创新。本文以诺奖科学家参与创建,旨在商业化其研究成果的企业为案例,从管理团队、资金来源、企业合作及产品研发四个纬度研究了基于科学的创业企业发展与演化特征。通过分析此类企业管理团队发现,基于科学的创业企业管理层通常由“前沿科学家+商业人士”的组合,既能使企业处于科研前沿面,又有效地保障了企业资源获取及运营管理;从资金来源看,创业初期的资金来源主要有政府基金和风险投资,政府资助支持了企业早期研发并降低了私人投资的风险;企业发展阶段的主要资金来源主要有风险投资、公开募股、商业合作以及运营知识产权等,多元化的资金来源有效支撑了企业巨大的研发支出;企业合作主要有学术合作与商业合作两类,学术合作保持企业处于科学前沿同时获得最新专利;商业合作缩短了产品的研发周期,加快产品上市,巩固了市场地位;基于科学的创业企业其产品研发周期长,风险大;此外这类企业不仅研发面向消费者的商业产品,还研发商业技术,为科研机构或企业提供技术平台。 相似文献
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大学衍生企业作为科研成果商业化的主要途径,其成长性一直是国内外学术界研究的热点问题。本文基于角色认同视角,以203家中国大学衍生企业为研究样本,通过问卷调查并利用结构方程模型实证检验了学者创业角色、创业导向以及大学衍生企业创业绩效之间的关系,研究结果表明：（1）学者创业角色促进了衍生企业创业绩效的提升;（2）学者创业角色对创业导向产生了积极作用;（3）创业导向对学者创业角色与衍生企业创业绩效之间的关系具有部分中介作用。 相似文献
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股东多样性对衍生企业绩效的影响机制研究———研发投入的中介作用 《科学学研究》2021,39(11):2005-2012
学术创业对于国家的技术进步、创新能力提升和区域经济发展都有着非常重要的影响,大学/科研院所衍生企业是学术创业的重要形式之一,也是促进科技成果转化的重要途径之一。近年来衍生企业相关研究逐渐兴起,成为学术界和产业界关注的热点话题。文章基于中国科学院及其各研究院所358家衍生企业2008-2017年的面板数据,采用固定效应模型,从资源基础理论和代理理论出发,探究了学术衍生企业的股东特征对衍生企业绩效的影响机制。结果发现,衍生企业的股东多样性对企业的专利产出和财务绩效均有显著的促进作用,研发投入在股东多样性与企业绩效中间起中介作用,股东多样性水平越高,对企业研发投入和企业绩效的促进作用越强。 相似文献