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Norwegian business spending on R&D is low by OECD standards. To stimulate business R&D, in 2002 the Norwegian government introduced a tax-based incentive, SkatteFUNN. We analyze the effects of SkatteFUNN on the likelihood of innovating and patenting. Using a rich database for Norwegian firms, we find that projects receiving tax credits result in the development of new production processes and to some extent the development of new products for the firm. Firms that collaborate with other firms are more likely to be successful in their innovation activities. However, the scheme does not appear to contribute to innovations in the form of new products for the market or patenting. 相似文献
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《Research Policy》2022,51(4):104475
In this paper, we empirically investigate how staggered boards, a prevailing governance structure of high-tech firms, influence firms’ product innovations in the United States. We explore a quasi-natural experiment of a legislation change in Massachusetts that forced the adoption of staggered boards in 1990 for the causal effect of staggered boards. We find that, when compared with firms in other states, Massachusetts-incorporated firms without staggered boards before 1990 perform better with respect to product innovations once they adopt staggered boards after 1990. The positive effect of staggered boards on product innovations is stronger for firms with higher takeover vulnerability, with higher institutional ownership, and in industries with higher advertising expenditures. Such a positive effect is consistent with staggered boards’ long-term orientation and is further confirmed by treated firms’ better product quality after 1990. 相似文献
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Using unique innovation survey data collected from a homogenous sample of firms in Pakistan, this paper presents an analysis of the firm level determinants of product innovation and its impact on firm performance. We employ a multi-stage structural model linking the decision of a firm to innovate, its innovation investment, product innovation, and firm performance using primary data from the textile and wearing apparel sector, which is the largest export sector of Pakistan. We find that product innovation leads to increased labor productivity as well as higher labor productivity growth. A 10 percent increase in innovative sales per worker is associated with a greater than 10 percent increase in labor productivity and labor productivity growth. On the determinants of innovation, we find that vertical knowledge flows from foreign clients and suppliers are important determinants of a firm's decision to innovate. Larger firms are more likely to engage in innovation, however, there is no significant evidence that they invest more in innovation. Exporting is positively associated with innovation performance and firms exporting to Europe and America are more likely to engage in innovation. There is mixed evidence on the impact of competition: foreign competition adversely affects a firm’s decision to innovate, whereas, local competition increases investment in innovation. Subsidies seem to have a crowding out effect since firms receiving national subsides invest less in innovation. Furthermore, firms that have higher investment in innovation, that are more productive, and that introduce organizational innovations have higher innovative sales per worker. 相似文献
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This paper extends the resource-based theory of the firm to examine the contingencies that either intensify or reduce the relationship between firm-specific innovation and value appropriation. Based on a large-scale analysis of a sample of US manufacturing firms, we found that greater innovation rents appropriation is associated with an increase in firm specificity of its innovative knowledge. But the positive relationship between firm-specific innovations and firm value appropriation tends to decrease when the product or technology market is highly dynamic. Further, under high environmental dynamism, firms should increase the diversity in their knowledge composition in order to mitigate the risk of value erosion associated with firm-specific innovations. 相似文献
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We analyse the impact of R&D cooperation on firm performance differentiating between four types of R&D partners (competitors, suppliers, customers, and universities and research institutes), and considering two performance measures: labour productivity and productivity in innovative (new to the market) sales. Using data on a large sample of Dutch innovating firms in two waves of the Community Innovation Survey (1996, 1998), we examine the impact of R&D cooperation in 1996 on subsequent productivity growth in 1996–1998. The results confirm a major heterogeneity in the rationales and goals of R&D cooperation. Competitor and supplier cooperation focus on incremental innovations, improving the productivity performance of firms. University cooperation and again competitor cooperation are instrumental in creating innovations generating sales of products that are novel to the market, improving the growth performance of firms. Furthermore, customers and universities are important sources of knowledge for firms pursuing radical innovations, which facilitate growth in innovative sales in the absence of formal R&D cooperation. 相似文献
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《Research Policy》2022,51(7):104539
Government R&D programs are intended to assist in the commercialization of technology and provide for the greater public good. Among the primary instruments for this type of government action are competitive grants for small, high-tech businesses. However, there is a perception among scholars and administrators that a small number of firms receive a large number of awards without furthering government objectives. The term mill is a less than complimentary term used to reference a firm that receives multiple government R&D awards. The criticism is based on a belief that this group of firms do not advance innovative technologies and do not serve the needs of the awarding agency. As a result, there are attempts to limit the number of awards that firms receive, with limited consideration of the firms themselves and the role they play in the larger innovation system. We specifically examine the U.S. Small Business Innovation Research (SBIR) program, focusing on a group of firms at the extreme tail of the distribution of awards. We consider the business model employed by these firms, their patenting and licensing behavior, and the products they introduce to the market. We also consider their impacts as incubators of spinoff firms, research environments that augment human capital, and suppliers to government through procurement. 相似文献
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Distributed R&D, cross-regional knowledge integration and quality of innovative output 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
Jasjit Singh 《Research Policy》2008,37(1):77-96
We explore the impact of geographic dispersion of a firm's R&D activities on the quality of its innovative output. Using data on over half a million patents from 1127 firms, we find that having geographically distributed R&D per se does not improve the quality of a firm's innovations. In fact, distributed R&D appears to be negatively associated with average value of innovations. This suggests that potential gains from access to diverse ideas and expertise from different locations are, on average, offset by difficulty in achieving integration of knowledge across multiple locations. To investigate whether the innovating teams that do manage cross-fertilization of ideas from different locations achieve more valuable innovations, we analyze innovations for which there is evidence of such knowledge cross-fertilization along any of the followings dimensions: knowledge sourcing from other locations within the firm, having at least one inventor with cross-regional ties, and having at least one inventor that has recently moved from another region. Analysis along all three dimensions consistently reveals a direct positive effect cross-regional knowledge integration has on innovation quality, as well as a positive interaction effect of cross-regional knowledge integration and distributed R&D for innovation quality. More generally, our findings provide new evidence regarding the importance of cross-unit integrative mechanisms for achieving superior performance in multi-unit firms. 相似文献
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This study predicts the impact of technological, organizational and environmental (TOE) determinants on e-maintenance technology readiness in manufacturing firms. Survey responses of 308 managers from a wide spectrum of manufacturing firms have been validated and analyzed by means of structural equation modelling. The findings indicate that dimensions of e-maintenance technology readiness in manufacturing firms are mainly influenced by technological and organizational determinants involving technological infrastructure and competence, expected benefits and challenges of e-maintenance, and firm size and ownership. Surprisingly, there is no significant effect of competitive pressures on e-maintenance readiness. This study offers managers and vendors a frame of reference to analyze firm's situation before initiating new innovations. In case of e-maintenance technology, adoption strategies should be built around fostering level of employees’ technological knowledge and skills, technology infrastructure as well as sustaining potential benefits and encountering potential challenges associated with e-maintenance technology. This paper is one of the early studies that predict dimensions of technology readiness index (TRI) through the determinants of technology–organization–environment (TOE) framework. Also, it is among the first attempts to link prominent technology adoption models to e-maintenance technology as a novel form of enterprise innovations. 相似文献
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企业的数字化转型对组织内部能力与外部环境都提出了新的要求,传统企业普遍沉浸在缺乏“数字化能力”的焦虑中。本研究在组织印记理论基础上拓展了印记反弹效应,以数字时代开启的新兴经济体企业的反弹契机为背景,探索了促进企业数字化能力获取的组织特征与过程机制。采用国际竞争中处于相对劣势产业的259家中国企业样本进行实证研究,结果表明组织学习与组织忘与数字化能力之间存在正向关系,组织韧性在其间起到了部分中介的作用,企业网络数字氛围正向调节了组织学习、组织忘却与组织韧性的关系。研究结论表明,中国企业虽然在初创时期没有丰富的外部资源支持,但可以在后续发展中通过组织学习与忘却强化组织韧性等内部组织特征,并在良好的数字氛围等组织外部环境中实现更为迫切的获取数字化能力的反弹效应。 相似文献
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构建一个有调节的中介模型,分析组织忘记对企业二元创新平衡的影响,以及战略柔性和企业规模在以上关系中所起的中介和调节作用,并通过271份有效的问卷调查数据进行实证检验。运用SPSSPROCESS宏程序(3.3版本)进行回归分析,发现组织忘记对企业二元创新平衡的直接效应和间接效应同时存在,战略柔性的两个维度-资源柔性和协调柔性在二者之间均起到中介作用,企业规模在组织忘记与战略柔性的两个维度间起着调节作用。研究结果不仅为二元创新平衡的研究开辟了新的视角,同时对中国企业提升二元创新平衡具有现实指导意义。 相似文献
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Miriam Delgado-Verde Javier Amores-Salvadó Gregorio Martín-de Castro José Emilio Navas-López 《知识管理研究与实践》2014,12(3):261-275
Although the importance of intellectual capital has already been highlighted in the management literature, few articles have focused on the importance of its green counterpart, green intellectual capital. Nowadays, when environmental concerns cannot be ignored by firms, it is therefore time to explore the role of green intellectual capital in environmental improvement. For that reason, our research aims to explore the relationships between green intellectual capital components and the environmental performance of the firms. In particular, we try to show the importance of green organizational and social capital in the development of environmental product innovations, which are vital to the development and implementation of environmental strategies since, as scholars have pointed out, they generate some of the greatest environmental impacts. The empirical results show that green organizational capital has an indirect impact on environmental product innovation through green social capital, meaning that the latter is a significant mediator of that relationship, and at the same time emphasizing that informal relationships play a key role in the improvement of the environmental performance of the firm and, more specifically, in the development of environmental product innovations. 相似文献
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When trying to attain the benefits of open source software (OSS), proprietary closed source software (PCSS) firms are struggling to adopt this radically different practice of software development. We approach these adoption challenges as a problem of gaining support for organizational innovation. Through a mixed-method research design consisting of qualitative interviews and a survey of employees of a large telecommunications firm, we find that the organizational innovation to commercially engage in OSS has different impacts on technical and administrative dimensions of different job roles. Accordingly, individuals enacting different job roles are—on average—more or less well aligned with the OSS practice and OSS processes per se. We find that individual-level attributes can counterbalance the job role changes that weaken support for adopting OSS, while perceived organizational commitment has no effect. Suggestions for PCSS firms are presented and implications for innovation literature are discussed. 相似文献
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探索性创新和开发性创新更能体现企业战略主动性,但它们是两种性质不同的创新方式,存在着资源竞争,关系难以协调。基于251家企业样本数据,本文将冗余资源作为权变调节因素纳入这两种创新及其平衡与企业绩效关系的考察中,构建了一个调节效应分析模型并进行了检验。结果发现,探索性和开发性创新是提高绩效的两种重要途径,但存在着一些绩效差异,二者间的平衡更有助于提升绩效;不同的冗余资源在两种创新方式与绩效关系之间发挥不同调节作用。在两类冗余资源较多的情况下,两种创新方式可以得到有效协调平衡,并促进绩效的提升。 相似文献
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Major emergencies aggravate the environmental uncertainty and complexity faced by organizations. Seeking inter-organizational cooperation becomes an important strategic decision for firms to cope with the external impact of emergencies. This study uses a dual case study method, taking the 2019-nCoV outbreak as an important research background. Based on the resource dependence theory and social network theory, this study proposes the emergency organization cooperation model and analyzes its structural characteristics and key operational logic. The study found:
First, the "distributed fixed-point radiation model" and "integrated interconnected symbiosis model" are the important organizational cooperation models adopted by two core firms, "professional producers" and "cross-border convertors", in response to major emergencies. Based on the differences in resource capabilities, there is heterogeneity in the logic of core firm building emergency organization cooperation. The core firm rely on the key core resources they possess to implement "fixed-point" technical support and resource supply to the node firms with professional production qualifications, and to play the advantage of the professional producer alliance in responding to external environmental impacts and degrading production complexity. This kind of cooperation model can be abstracted into "distributed fixed-point radiation model". When core firm and their node firms conduct cross-border conversion cooperation to meet market emergency needs, their cooperation model emphasizes resource sharing and risk sharing among organization members. This cooperation model is defined as an "integrated interconnected symbiosis model".
Second, core firms with differentiated resource capabilities exhibit different emergency action paths. As a professional producers, through centralized power allocation, a unified emergency command unit is built to enhance the vertical integration capability of resources, thereby enhancing the resource locking ability of node firms; as a core firm of cross-border transition producers, by establishing specialization the project team formed a key force to solve the complexity of cross-border production, and used its ability to coordinate and transform resources to solve the rigid constraints of resources for cross-border conversion.
Third, the key logic of the operation of the two types of organizational cooperation models is different. In the "distributed fixed-point radiation model", the goal of organizational cooperation is " preventing epidemic and saving market", and due to the lack of cooperation foundation with most small and medium-sized medical mask manufacturers, the core firm and partners have adopted contract governance for effective interaction, and relied on the organizational form of "core firm leading + node firms following" to determine the participation in the cooperation subject′s rights and responsibilities. In the "integrated interconnected symbiosis" model, the value creation of organizational cooperation takes into account to fill the gap in social demand and assist the supply chain node firm to resume work. Their cooperation objectives are both "epidemic prevention and self-help". The core firm and the node firms jointly build a linkage conversion strategy on the basis of previous cooperation, and the interaction among members of the organization depends on the governance of the relationship, showing the organizational form of "core firm coordination + node firms participation". This study can enrich the literature of public crisis management based on the micro perspective of firms; in addition, the conclusions can provide policy suggestions for mitigating the impact of the epidemic on the key strategic material market, and provide management inspiration for improving the company′s defense against major emergencies. 相似文献
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利用外部知识实现创新已经成为我国企业创新实践的常用策略。究竟内部R&D和外部知识搜寻之间存在怎样的关系,过多的外部知识搜寻是否会削弱企业内部R&D的战略性地位?本文基于209家中国创新型企业的问卷调查数据,对企业内部R&D活动和外部知识搜寻之间的关系进行了实证分析。研究结果表明外部知识搜寻对提升企业创新绩效有重要影响,但是不同类型的外部合作对象对创新绩效的重要性存在差异。研究发现,企业在创新实践中,内部R&D和纵向合作企业与横向合作企业知识搜寻之间存在互补协同的关系,但没有充分的证据表明内部R&D和大学/研究机构知识搜寻之间存在互补性。内部R&D和外部知识搜寻之间存在互补抑或替代的关系,主要受企业对外部知识吸收能力的影响。 相似文献
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Under what conditions do firms benefit from the research efforts of other organizations? 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
Although R&D spillovers play a key role in the battle for technological leadership, it is unclear under what conditions firms build on and benefit from the discoveries of others. The study described here empirically examines this issue. The findings indicate that, depending on technological opportunities, firm size and competitive pressure, the net impact of R&D spillovers on productivity can be either positive or negative. Specifically, we find that although spillover effects are positively associated with the technological opportunities that a firm faces, this relationship is reversed when firm size is considered. Whilst external R&D affects large self-reliant firms negatively, its impact on the productivity of smaller firms (who usually introduce incremental innovations that are characterized by a strong reliance on external technologies) is positive, and even higher than that of their own R&D. We also demonstrate that the economic payoff for firms’ own R&D is lower when they face intense competition. In cases of low-appropriability, however, spillover effects are more positive, allowing firms to increase their performance using the inventions of others. 相似文献
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Sectoral patterns of technical change: Towards a taxonomy and a theory 总被引：10，自引：0，他引：10
Keith Pavitt 《Research Policy》1984,13(6):343-373
The purpose of the paper is to describe and explain sectoral patterns of technical change as revealed by data on about 2000 significant innovations in Britain since 1945. Most technological knowledge turns out not to be “information” that is generally applicable and easily reproducible, but specific to firms and applications, cumulative in development and varied amongst sectors in source and direction. Innovating firms principally in electronics and chemicals, are relatively big, and they develop innovations over a wide range of specific product groups within their principal sector, but relatively few outside. Firms principally in mechanical and instrument engineering are relatively small and specialised, and they exist in symbiosis with large firms, in scale intensive sectors like metal manufacture and vehicles, who make a significant contribution to their own process technology. In textile firms, on the other hand. most process innovations come from suppliers.These characteristics and variations can be classified in a three part taxonomy based on firms: (1) supplier dominated; (2) production intensive; (3) science based. They can be explained by sources of technology, requirements of users, and possibilities for appropriation. This explanation has implications for our understanding of the sources and directions of technical change, firms' diversification behaviour, the dynamic relationship between technology and industrial structure, and the formation of technological skills and advantages at the level of the firm. the region and the country. 相似文献