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国外基于本体的信息系统概念建模研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
信息系统概念建模是在信息系统开发的需求分析阶段,为促进相关人员之间的理解和沟通,对某些领域的静态现象和动态现象进行形式化地表示和建立文档的活动,属于需求工程和软件工程的子学科。基于本体的信息系统概念建模是指用本体理论或模型支持信息系统概念建模的方法。本文根据目前国外学者对基于本体的信息系统概念建模的研究情况,将其分为两个主要的学派:一是BWW本体学派;另一个是REA学派。在此基础上介绍和比较了两大学派的研究成果,并对其未来的研究方向进行了展望。 相似文献
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Background: Question‐answering systems (or QA Systems) stand as a new alternative for Information Retrieval Systems. Most users frequently need to retrieve specific information about a factual question to obtain a whole document. Objectives: The study evaluates the efficiency of QA systems as terminological sources for physicians, specialised translators and users in general. It assesses the performance of one open‐domain QA system, START, and one restricted‐domain QA system, MedQA. Method: The study collected two hundred definitional questions (What is…?), either general or specialised, from the health website WebMD. Sources used by the open‐domain QA system, START, and the restricted‐domain QA system, MedQA, were studied to retrieve answers, and later a range of evaluation measures (precision, Mean Reciprocal Rank, Total Reciprocal Rank, First Hit Success) were applied to mark the quality of answers. Results: It was established that both systems are useful in the retrieval of valid definitional healthcare information, with an acceptable degree of coherent and precise responses from both. The answers supplied by MedQA were more reliable that those of START in the sense that they came from specialised clinical or academic sources, most of them showing links to further research articles. Conclusions: Results obtained show the potential of this type of tool in the more general realm of information access, and the retrieval of health information. They may be considered a good, reliable and reasonably precise alternative in alleviating the information overload. Both QA systems can help professionals and users can obtain healthcare information. 相似文献
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Thomas Wetter 《Informatik - Forschung und Entwicklung》2008,22(3):185-199
Medical software is regarded as both a success and a risk factor for quality and efficiency
of medical care. First, reasons are given in what respects the medical industry is special: it is highly
complex and variable, exposed to risks of privacy/confidentiality but also of denied access to authorized
personnel, and medical users are a highly qualified and demanding population. Then some software technology
and engineering approaches are presented that partially master these challenges. They include various divide
and conquer strategies, process and change management approaches and quality assurance approaches. Benchmark
institutions and comprehensive solutions are also presented. Finally, some challenges are presented that
call for approaches other than technical to achieve user “buy in”, handle the outer limits of
complexity, variability and change. Here, methods from psychology, economics and game theory complement
domain knowledge and exploratory experimentation with new technologies.
Zusammenfassung Medizinische Software wird sowohl als Erfolgs- als auch als Risikofaktor für die Qualit?t und Effizienz medizinischer Versorgung gesehen. In diesem Artikel werden zun?chst Gründe aufgeführt, inwiefern der medizinische Sektor sich von anderen abhebt: Er ist hoch komplex und variantenreich und den Risiken stark ausgesetzt, die sich aus Vertraulichkeit und Schutzbedürftigkeit der Daten einerseits und andereseits aus deren Nicht-Verfügbarkeit für autorisiertes Personal ergeben. Auch sind medizinische Nutzer hoch und vielf?ltig qualifiziert und entsprechend anspruchsvoll. Es werden dann Verfahren aus Software-Technologie und -Engineering vorgestellt, welche diese Herausforderungen z.T. meistern. Darunter befinden sich „Teile-und-Herrsche“-artige Partitionierungsverfahren, Prozess- und ?nderungsmanagement- sowie Qualit?tssicherungsmethoden. Einige richtungweisend erfolgreiche Institutionen und L?sungen werden erl?utert. Schlie?lich wird auf Herausforderungen hingewiesen, bei denen andere als technische Zug?nge naheliegen, damit anspruchsvolle Nutzer „einsteigen“ und grenzwertig schwierige Anforderungen an Komplexit?t, Variabilit?t und ?nderungsintensit?t handhabbar werden. Dabei erg?nzen Methoden aus Psychologie, Wirtschaftswissenschaften und Spieltheorie ein vertieftes Wissen über den medizinischen Gegenstandsbereich und das Experimentieren mit neuen Technologien.
CR subject classification D.2.1; D.2.2; D.2.7; D.2.8; D.2.9; D.2.11; D.2.12; D.4.6; H.1.2; H.2.7; H.4.1; H.5.3; J.3; K.1; K.4.1; K.4.3; K.5.2 相似文献
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Rüdiger Schack 《Informatik - Forschung und Entwicklung》2006,8(1):21-27
A promising application of future quantum computers is the simulation of physical systems of
a quantum nature. It has been estimated that a quantum computer operating with as few as 50–100
logical qubits would be capable of obtaining simulation results that are inaccessible to classical computers.
This chapter explains the basic principles of simulation on a quantum computer and reviews some applications. 相似文献
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Various studies have been devoted to the evaluation of the research and development (R&D) performances of universities and research institutes. However, existing studies tend to focus on static systems, that is, systems with no intertemporal effect. To tackle this issue, this study attempts to assess relative R&D efficiency of institutes from a dynamic perspective. The unified two-stage model proposed by Kao (2017) made a contribution to combining division efficiencies in the multiplier form with frontier projections in the envelopment form in a unified framework. We develop his model in a dynamic framework into which the effects of carry-over activities are embedded across the period. If the dynamic effects in the efficiency measures are not considered, the results will be biased. This is one of the few studies to examine dynamic effects within the framework of the R&D process. Our analysis is based on samples of 17 research institutes in the Chinese Academy of Sciences over the period of 2012–2015. When compared with the proposed data envelope analysis (DEA) model, results show that the static DEA model may underestimate the R&D efficiency scores. The institutes experienced significant improvements in system efficiency, mainly due to the improvements in transfer efficiency. However, there is still much room for improvement in transferring scientific and technological (S&T) achievements. We also find that the resource scale played an important role in influencing basic research. Finally, the projections of inefficient institutes indicate that most institutes had insufficient carry-over inputs (newly approved projects and management cost) based on the average four-year values, and existing slack resources for managers to improve the future performance. 相似文献
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《Journal of Informetrics》2014,8(1):284-294
In this paper, we show that an information source composed with n random variables may be split into 2n or 2n − 1 “states”; therefore, one could compute the maximum entropy of the source. We derive the efficiency and the unused capacity of an information source. We demonstrate that in more than two dimensions, the transmission's variability depends on the system configuration; thus, we determine the upper and the lower bounds to the mutual information and propose the transmission power as an indicator of the Triple Helix of university–industry–government relationships. The transmission power is defined as the fraction of the total ‘configurational information’ produced in a system; it appears like the efficiency of the transmission and may be interpreted as the strength of the variables dependency, the strength of the synergy between the system's variable or the strength of information flow within the system. 相似文献
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《Communication monographs》2012,79(2):146-152
Subjects differing in interpersonal construct differentiation completed both an attitude measure and a behavioral intentions measure (in which subjects’ behavioral intentions in each of nine attitude‐relevant interpersonal situations were assessed) toward a subject‐selected target person. While the overall correlation between attitude and the behavioral intentions index was high (r = .85,), low‐differentiation subjects displayed significantly greater attitude‐behavioral intentions consistency (r = .95,) than did high‐differentiation subjects (r = .75). Correspondingly low differentiation subjects exhibited significantly less variability in the evaluative direction of their behavioral intentions than did high‐differentiation subjects (construct differentiation and variance in individuals’ behavioral intentions were correlated, r = .37). The results are interpreted as suggesting that within a given domain, persons with developmentally less advanced cognitive systems place greater reliance on evaluative consistency principles in organizing their beliefs and behaviors and hence are more likely to exhibit attitude‐behavior consistency than are persons with more developed systems. 相似文献
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利用已有的知识组织系统和语料库等既有资源构建相关领域词系统,能够减少劳动量和难度,通过种子
词以及词汇社区检测技术来利用已有的新能源汽车词系统,经频率分析和聚类技术来发现新的代表性词条的方法,快
速构建了电动汽车领域词系统,并初步证明其可行性。 相似文献
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The Reliable Information Access (RIA) Workshop was held in the summer of 2003, with a goal of improved understanding of information
retrieval systems, in particular with regard to the variability of retrieval performance across topics. The workshop ran massive
cross-system failure analysis on 45 of the TREC topics and also performed cross-system experiments on pseudo-relevance feedback.
This paper presents an overview of that workshop, along with some preliminary conclusions from these experiments. Even if
this workshop was held 6 years ago, the issues of improving system performance across all topics is still critical to the
field and this paper, along with the others in this issue, are the first widely published full papers for the workshop. 相似文献
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XrML是一种基于XML的权限描述语言，它描述了数字内容使用时相关的权限、条件等。作为MPEG-21的权限表达语言，XrML已经成为国际标准化组织的一种标准，得到大力的推广。本文设计并实现了一个XrML验证器，该验证器的特点是具有良好的扩展性和广泛的适应性，系统精简紧凑，可以用在嵌入式系统、手持设备等对资源占用有着较高要求的场合。目前该XrML验证器已经被应用到了中科院计算所的知识创新工程“基于IPv6的内容分发系统”。 相似文献
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采用CiteSpace知识可视化工具,基于关键词共现分析法、膨胀词探测法和内容分析法,重点对PQDD数据库中3 973篇欧美图书馆学博士论文的研究热点进行分析,此外,还探讨研究热点的演化、研究前沿及其演化。总体上,欧美图书馆学博士学位论文研究主题特征表现在：研究内容偏重应用,绝大多数论文面向具体图书馆服务与管理,以及以解决实际问题为目标的工作实践。这与欧美整体科学研究的实用性和实证性价值取向是一致的。此外,研究主题多样和细致,非常注重具有特殊身份和职业特征的小用户群体和图书馆馆员研究。 相似文献
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[目的/意义]施引文献与被引文献往往存在着某种相似性,揭示这种现象背后的形成机制有助于深入理解引文的本质。[方法/过程]采用指数随机图模型,以图书馆与情报学领域为对象开展实证分析,旨在揭示文献相似性对引用关系的影响机制。[结果/结论]实证研究发现：在网络结构、机构、期刊层面存在显著的引用文献相似倾向。具体地,引用关系更倾向于嵌入三角传递结构;来源于相同机构和期刊的文献之间更容易产生引用关系;来源于学科优势地位国家的文献之间更容易产生引用。实证结果充分说明社会接近性是引用行为的重要形成机制,反映了引用偏好的社会属性。 相似文献
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亚马逊弹性云计算是一种在云中为用户提供按需分配计算能力的Web服务,开发人员更容易控制Web的计算规模。亚马逊弹性云计算呈现一个真实的虚拟计算环境,允许用户在不同操作系统上,通过使用Web服务接口推出各种云应用实例,加载用户自定义的应用环境,管理用户网络获得云系统访问权限,并依据用户需求运行云应用和不同的系统。在研究亚马逊弹性云计算的基础上,笔者对云计算环境下,图书馆如何利用有限经费购买云服务,降低图书馆云服务采购成本和提高成本效用策略进行了研究。 相似文献
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This study investigated whether measures of error type, frequency, and sequencing contribute to understanding how different types of domain knowledge influence human performance when using information systems. Micro-level analyses of errors were conducted to compare the performance of two groups using a geographical information system (GIS). Error types, error frequency, error sequencing, and task completion were measured and compared for the two groups. The two groups were similar in frequency of type of errors; both committed terminological and trial errors more frequently than the other 10 types. Error patterns or sequences were likewise similar, and domain of expertise did not affect task completion time. The group with domain knowledge in computer science showed a somewhat greater tendency to commit certain knowledge-based errors (KBEs), indicating an association between knowledge-based errors and procedural knowledge. The group with domain knowledge in geography committed certain rule-based errors (RBEs) more often, indicating an association between rule-based errors and declarative knowledge. Therefore, error type does hold promise as a measure of the relationship between domain knowledge type and human performance using information systems. 相似文献
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《International Information and Library Review》1998,30(1):71-85
Norms for community libraries were established, focusing specifically on the Pinetown community libraries. The five oldest community libraries in the Pinetown public library system were studied by way of questionnaires, interviews and observation. It was hypothesized that public library systems in South Africa have not yet made the paradigm shift to becoming true community libraries. However, the study proved that certain public library systems, such as Pinetown, have made significant progress towards becoming community libraries in the true sense of the word—moving away from the passive traditional Western public library model towards active service-oriented systems, based on the needs of the community as a whole: be it as agents of upliftment and development, or as sources of information and recreation. It can be concluded that certain adaptations still need to be made to become “true” community libraries. For instance, more community involvement in the running of the libraries, individual funds to purchase specific materials needed by the community, and the development of specific skills that will enable the staff to render a pro-active community library service, but the transitional process is still in progress. 相似文献
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在描述移动电子商务推荐系统的基本特征基础上,分析了显式评分输入和隐式浏览输入的差异,
认为移动互联网环境下隐式浏览输入是推荐输入的主流。进而通过用户兴趣提取、用户兴趣计算以及浏
览时间确定等环节,得到移动环境下用户对产品的兴趣度。该方法的提出一方面充实了移动推荐系统的
理论研究成果,另一方面也对推荐系统中隐式浏览输入的研究有一定的推动作用。 相似文献