The International Anti-Doping Movement and UNESCO: A Historical Case Study     

Scott R. Jedlicka 《国际体育史杂志》2013,30(13):1523-1535

The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) played a major role in the development of contemporary anti-doping policy. Throughout its existence, and especially since the 1970s, UNESCO has viewed sport as an educational tool. Though it acknowledged the unique problems that drug use in sport presented, UNESCO was reticent to take a leading role in creating and enacting global policy regarding the issue. However, UNESCO eventually came to endorse the World Anti-Doping Agency in 2005 when its member nations adopted the International Convention against Doping in Sport. UNESCO's shift in attitude is explained through the application of institutional isomorphism, an organisational theory that explains the tendency of organisations in a given area or industry to become more similar over time.  相似文献   

Constitutions,Institutions, and Games     

Craig K. Lehman 《体育哲学杂志》2013,40(1):41-46

We provide a new wrinkle to the Argument from Unfair Advantage, a rather popular one in the ethics of doping in sports discussions. But we add a new argument that we believe places the moral burden on those who favor doping in sports. We also defend our position against some important concerns that might be raised against it. In the end, we argue that for the time being, doping in sports ought to be banned until it can be demonstrated that our concerns can be satisfied.  相似文献   

Determination of the prevalence of anabolic steroids,stimulants, and selected drugs subject to doping controls among elite sport students using analytical chemistry     

Mario Thevis  Michael Sauer  Hans Geyer  Gerd Sigmund  Ute Mareck  Wilhelm Schänzer 《Journal of sports sciences》2013,31(10):1059-1065

Abstract

Drug abuse by adolescents has been investigated in various surveys that reported correlations between age, gender, and activity. However, none of these studies included chemical analyses to help substantiate the statements of participants. In the present study, the urine specimens of 964 students (439 females, 525 males; mean age 22.1 years, s = 1.7), who applied to study sports sciences at university, were assessed for anabolic steroids, stimulants, and selected drugs prohibited in sports. In total, 11.2% of the urine specimens provided contained drugs covered by doping controls. The most frequently detected compound was the major metabolite of tetrahydrocannabinol (9.8%) followed by various stimulants related to amphetamine and cocaine (1.0%). Indications of anabolic steroid use were found in 0.4% of urine samples but originated from contraceptives containing norethisterone. The present study provided unambiguous data on the status quo of drug (ab)use by adolescents hoping for a career related to elite sport or sports sciences. No use of anabolic steroids was detected. However, evidence for stimulants and tetrahydrocannabinol administration was obtained, although not reported by any participant, which highlights the issue of under-reporting in surveys based solely on questionnaires.  相似文献   

Physiology in the Journal of Sports Sciences     

Giuseppe Lippi  Giuseppe Banfi  Massimo Franchini  Gian Cesare Guidi 《Journal of sports sciences》2013,31(5):441-442

Abstract

Doping in sports is commonplace. The prevention of harm to the athlete, the guarantee of fair play, and a level playing field for all competitors are the basis of the current anti-doping strategies. As healthcare systems are forced to allocate increasing resources to prevent and treat the prevailing pathologies worldwide, funding for anti-doping campaigns will necessarily be restricted. Ideally, additional resources should be devoted to increasing the number of athletes tested, the panels of tests used, and the frequency of out-of-competition controls. Since doping prevention cannot be considered a priority for most healthcare systems, such an approach is unaffordable and an alternative framework should be devised, focused primarily on harm reduction rather than fair play. The identification of abnormal deviations from reference values, regardless of pathological or artificial causes, would allow the athlete to be followed and tested using conventional laboratory tests, which are affordable to governments and healthcare systems and available to clinical laboratories. Although this strategy would not detect cheating, it would safeguard athletes' health.  相似文献   

刑法基本原则在反兴奋剂实践中的借鉴          下载免费PDF全文

刘畅 《体育科研》2017,(5):1-7,21

兴奋剂违规行为的认定以及确定违规行为后的处罚与刑法中的定罪以及处罚有高度的类似性，反兴奋剂规则的运作过程也借鉴了刑法的若干基本原则。在兴奋剂违规行为的认定阶段，参考了刑法的罪刑法定原则、从旧兼从轻原则以及无罪推定原则；在兴奋剂违规行为确定后的处罚阶段，比附了刑法的罪刑相当原则以及累犯加重原则。当代刑法基本原则的宗旨更加倾向于保护刑事被告人，而反兴奋剂实践的趋势却是加重对运动员的处罚。这表明反兴奋剂实践从严处罚的发展趋势与当代刑法基本原则所体现的保护人权的精神相悖，“严打”兴奋剂违规行为的合理性值得商榷。  相似文献   

纳米氧化锌的掺杂改性及其光催化应用     

孙强强  崔孝炜 《商洛学院学报》2013,(6):15-20

以商洛某铅锌尾矿库的铅锌冶金炉窑渣制得的醋酸锌为锌源,尿素为沉淀剂,采用金属离子掺杂的方法制备掺杂金属离子的ZnO粉体。以水体中亚甲基蓝(MB)的光催化脱色降解为模型反应,对各掺杂样品掺杂配比进行优化,考察了光源条件对各掺杂ZnO光催化活性的影响,并对ZnO循环使用的光催化稳定性进行测试。研究表明:掺杂Sn、Ag、Al元素的纳米ZnO,在Sn、Ag、Al与Zn配比分别为1:9、1:40、1:20时,各掺杂样品的催化活性较高。在模拟可见光照射下,各掺杂ZnO样品较纯ZnO对可见光的吸收有一定的增强,在可见光下降解180 min后,相应MB溶液的降解率分别达70.8%、64.8%和53.0%。通过循环测试发现,掺Sn氧化锌样品循环使用3次后,其光降解率仍在95%以上,循环5次时,其光解率仍高于90%。  相似文献   

钙钛矿锰氧化物R_(1-x)A_xMnO_3体系电磁输运性质研究现状     

杨亦云 《安康学院学报》2013,(3):34-37,55

钙钛矿锰氧化物R1-xAxMnO3具有丰富的物理现象,其在磁存储及传感技术等方面都具有诱人的应用前景。从介绍钙钛矿锰氧化物R1-xAxMnO3的电磁性质入手,对钙钛矿锰氧化物的电磁输运性质的研究进展进行了综述,详细分析了锰氧化物电子型掺杂的研究重点,并展望了锰氧化物的应用前景。  相似文献   

体育科技发展中的利弊共存现象——基于兴奋剂与反兴奋剂视角     

徐祥峰  沈友青  彭建军 《武汉体育学院学报》2012,46(3):30-33

体育科技存在两面性,体育科技在推动体育事业发展的同时,也给竞技体育的发展带来一些消极影响,科技在兴奋剂与反兴奋剂进程中的对立与统一是最好的佐证。分析了兴奋剂与反兴奋剂发展的现状、特点,并从该角度剖析体育科技的进步给竞技体育发展带来的利弊影响,分析其深层原因,提出发扬人文精神,取其利,去其弊,引导体育科技朝健康方向发展。  相似文献   

应用化学专业无机材料方向的一个综合实验设计     

桂阳海  孙雨安  谢冰  陈凤华  王焕新  孙晓丽 《中国现代教育装备》2014,(23):16-18

以掺杂纳米氧化锡材料的合成、表征及气敏性能研究实验的教学实践为例,探讨通过模拟科研流程的专业实验模式培养学生综合应用及创新能力的途径。  相似文献   

兴奋剂与奥林匹克理想的冲突   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

王华叶  林岭  刘佳岭 《安徽体育科技》2005,26(2):20-22

从奥林匹克格言、奥林匹克精神、奥林匹克主义等角度阐述了奥林匹克理想和奥林匹克运动的社会文化与教育价值，同时分析阐述了兴奋剂产生的根源及其与奥林匹克理想的冲突。  相似文献