Contaminated nutritional supplements – legal protection for elite athletes who tested positive: A case report from Germany     

H Striegel  G Vollkommer  T Horstmann  AM Niess 《Journal of sports sciences》2013,31(7):723-726

  相似文献   

Changing attitudes and intentions related to doping: An analysis of individual differences in need for cognition     

Javier Horcajo  David Santos  Joshua J. Guyer  Lorena Moreno 《Journal of sports sciences》2013,31(24):2835-2843

ABSTRACT

Research has shown that athletes’ attitudes towards the use of banned performance-enhancing substances are reliable predictors of their intentions to use these substances, which in turn can be relevant predictors of their actual doping behaviours. Despite the important role played by attitudes and intentions in doping, research analysing how to change those attitudes and intentions is relatively scarce. The present study examined how individual differences in Need for Cognition (NC, Cacioppo & Petty, 1982) influenced doping-related attitude change and subsequent behavioural intentions. Participants were randomly assigned to read a persuasive message either against or in favour of legalising the use of several banned substances, including anabolic androgenic steroids (AAS) and Erythropoietin (EPO). In addition, participants completed the NC scale, and finally reported their attitudes and behavioural intentions regarding the legalisation proposal. As hypothesised, results showed that participants who received an anti-legalisation message had significantly more unfavourable attitudes towards the proposal than participants who received a pro-legalisation message, regardless of NC. However, as predicted, NC moderated the relationship between individuals’ attitudes and their intentions. That is, high-NC participants showed greater attitude-intention correspondence than low-NC participants.  相似文献   

Performance Enhancement and Politicisation of High-Performance Sport: The West German ‘air clyster’ Affair of 1976     

Henk Erik Meier  Marcel Reinold 《国际体育史杂志》2013,30(12):1351-1373

While the politicisation of high-performance sport is perceived to represent one of the driving forces behind doping, we know not much how exactly the cold war in sports has affected sporting misconduct in western societies. Therefore, we propose here to distinguish between ideological and institutional politicisation and explicit and implicit acceptance of dubious practices. We apply our framework to analyse the West German ‘air clyster’ affair of 1976 in order to examine to what extent the politicisation of high-performance sport during the cold war affected the search for innovation in performance enhancement. We find that political pressure for improved competitiveness in West German sport had served to create a semi-autonomous high-performance sport sector in West Germany where blurred lines of accountability allowed questionable practices to prosper. While the public despised the use of questionable methods, sportive nationalism served to eclipse dubious practices. West German sport leaders adopted insofar a permissive attitude towards questionable practices as sporting misconduct was not sanctioned. Thus, our results strongly suggest that sport's politicisation during the cold war facilitated the search for performance-increasing methods in western societies.  相似文献   

The Health Risks of Doping during the Cold War: A Comparative Analysis of the Two Sides of the Iron Curtain     

Thomas M. Hunt  Paul Dimeo  Florian Hemme  Anne Mueller 《国际体育史杂志》2013,30(17):2230-2244

This article compares East Germany's Cold War-era approach to doping to that of the USA's in terms of their respective impacts on medical risk. Although deserving of criticism on many levels, the GDR doping programme featured a number of safeguards designed to minimise medical dangers. Unlike their East German counterparts, American governmental units were not directly involved in the administration of performance-enhancing substances. The US approach to doping was not ideal in terms of medical risk, however. As a result of the country's regulatory approach to doping, the country's athletes frequently turned to black market sources for doping agents. It was also relatively common for American athletes to use performance-enhancing drugs without the benefit of medical supervision. The US approach to doping was in these ways inferior to that of East Germany's on the subject of medical risk.  相似文献   

兴奋剂问题的高学历化倾向初探——基于外显和内隐的态度研究     

柳建兴  耿雅津 《南京体育学院学报(社会科学版)》2013,(6):118-122

兴奋剂问题的高学历化倾向日益引起社会对高校竞技运动发展的担忧,而针对高校兴奋剂问题的干预,将其关在规则的牢笼里具有重要的社会价值和现实意义。本研究基于双态度理论模型,采用自我报告和IAT实验深入地分析高校运动员兴奋剂使用的内在驱动机制和容忍度,并提出侧重高校大学生认知和行为层面的干预,强化其规则意识以及降低其对兴奋剂的容忍度是促进高校竞技体育回归本原的重要着力点,进而更好的实现运动员、竞技体育和整个社会的和谐发展。  相似文献   

Elite athletes' attitudes towards the use of placebo-induced performance enhancement in sports     

《European Journal of Sport Science》2013,13(4):315-321

Abstract

While an increasing number of research is devoted to the understanding of placebo effects in sports, athletes' experiences with and attitudes towards the use of placebo for performance enhancement remain poorly understood. In this study, 79 elite athletes from different sports were surveyed on five issues related to placebo use in sports. Results showed that 47% of the athletes have experienced placebo effects in the past. A majority of the athletes (82%) thought that placebos could affect their sports performances. A wider use of placebos in sport settings was endorsed more by those who have experienced placebo effects in the past than those who did not (P = .005). Regardless of past experience with placebo, more than half of the athletes (53%) would accept an unknown but legitimate substance from the coach, and 67% of them would not mind a placebo-linked deception if that was effective. These findings confirm that most elite athletes believe in the power of placebos in enhancing sports performance, and those having a positive past experience exhibit slightly more favourable attitudes in contrast to those without such experiences.  相似文献   

论兴奋剂案件中过错程度的证明     

宋彬龄 《体育科学》2012,32(7):71-77,90

当样本检测呈阳性后,运动员要证明自己无过错必须证明禁用物质是如何进入体内的以及自己已经尽了最大的谨慎义务。对象认识的错误、第三人过错、丧失行为能力、食用受污染的公共食品等都可成为证明自己无过错的理由。运动员可以因为对医生合理的信赖、尽了善意的努力、年青和缺乏经验、诚实、情况紧急等原因证明自己无重大过错。国际体育仲裁院对过错程度认定的判例有利于增强反兴奋剂斗争的效果,但其过于谨慎的做法容易引发不公平裁判且导致判例的指引作用减弱。建议国际体育仲裁院将"成本效益"标准作为一个重要的考量因素,国际反兴奋剂机构缩小可供选择的营养品范围,继续扩充WADC的细则,明示运动员的行为标准。  相似文献   

发光层厚度对红光磷光聚芴电致发光性能的影响     

马良  陈婷  陈为健 《闽江学院学报》2010,31(2):100-103

文章采用喹啉氮杂环类锒配合物[（PPQ）2Ir（acac）]为客体,以聚芴和2-（4-二苯基）-5-（4-叔丁基苯基）-1,3,4-噁二唑（PBD）为主体,研究了不同发光层厚度对有机电致发光器件性能的影响．随着发光层厚度的增加,相同电压下器件的电流密度和发光亮度逐步减小,表现出明显的电荷捕获机制．当厚度达到70nm时,得到了发光亮度为1792cd／m^2,发光效率为6．16cd／A的高性能红光器件．  相似文献   

Charge transport in conducting polyaniline co-doped with sulfosalicylic acid and dodecylbenzoyl sulfonic acid     

MA Li  YAN Jun  GAN Meng-Yu  HE Ling  LI Jian-Feng 《重庆大学学报(英文版)》2009,8(3):170-174

We prepared conducting polyaniline （PAn） co-doped with sulfosalicylic acid （SSA） and dodecylbenzoyl sultonic acid （DBSA） in micro-emulsive polymerization, and studied its charge transport behaviors based on the measurement of its electrical conductivity in the temperature range between 203 K and 298 K. The conductivity was found to increase with temperature, similar to the case in semiconductors. Analyzing the experimental data with three models, namely the charge-energy-limitedtunneling model, Kivelson model and the three-dimensional variable range hopping （3D-VRH） model demonstrated that these models all describe well the charge transport behaviors of PAn co-doped with SSA and DBSA within the mentioned temperature range. From calculation with the 3D-VRH model, the hopping distance of the conducting PAn is obviously larger than its localization length. The PAn doped with SSA and DBSA enjoys desirable crystallinity due to the co-doping of two functional sulfonic acids. The macroscopic conductivity may correspond to three-dimensional transport in the network of the bundles, and the metallic islands may be attributed to quasi-one-dimensional bundles.  相似文献   

运动员生物护照应用解析——以“阿姆斯特朗兴奋剂事件”为例          下载免费PDF全文

马国全 《河北体育学院学报》2015,29(3):72-78

以“阿姆斯特朗兴奋剂事件”为切入点,对运动员生物护照(ABP)的理论机制及ABP在检测和防范兴奋剂中的有效性的相关研究进行综述;并运用ABP技术对“阿姆斯特朗兴奋剂事件”展开深入剖析.结果显示:ABP的确行之有效,其通过纵向监控与分析运动员生物标记的异常,能够准确判断运动员是否使用了禁用物质或方法.但此方法还不能作为判定运动员使用兴奋剂的必然依据.  相似文献