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结合中国能源经济发展的"自上而下"与"自下而上"的两种模式,一方面考虑"2020年减排40%~45%与非化石能源结构提高到15%"的上行目标,另一方面以能源需求的现行趋势为"下行"基础,采用环境压力模型对中国一次能源需求结构及其CO2排放的演变情景进行分析,结果表明:低碳情景中节能减排与能源结构优化目标的实现,一定程度上是以减缓经济增长率为代价的,GDP总量相对于BUS情景减少了8.26万亿元;一次能源消费与CO2排放总量在2020年以前仍将处于快速增长的阶段,2020年LCS情景能源需求总量为44.806亿吨标准煤,CO2排放量105.815亿吨;能源需求结构存在较大的情景差异,低碳情景中煤炭需求结构将缓慢下降,但绝对量仍逐年增长,2020年将达到37.6亿吨,而非化石能源将占比15.95%。 相似文献
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本文讨论了城镇化背景下建筑部门未来发展驱动因子与能源服务需求的变化趋势,并设定基准（BAU）、自主贡献（NDC）和强化低碳（ELC）3个情景,运用自下而上的建筑部门能源系统模型（PECE-Building）分析2013—2050年不同发展路径下建筑部门能源需求和CO2排放趋势,评估建筑部门实现中长期低碳发展目标的技术路线图和投资需求。研究结果表明,受城镇化进程与收入增长驱动,中国中长期建筑部门能源服务需求将快速增长,建筑部门成为中国未来能耗与排放增长的重要来源。BAU情景下建筑部门2050年能耗与CO2排放水平较2013年分别上升142.8%、103.1%;NDC情景下全社会CO2排放达峰,但建筑部门排放依然保持持续增长;ELC情景下建筑部门有望在2027年左右以7.8亿t CO2排放达峰,2050年排放降至6.15亿t,低于2013年水平。ELC情景下能效技术与新能源技术累计减排量分别占比 33.4%和66.6%,北方城镇供暖是最重要的减排领域。实现该低碳发展目标所需新增投资共计2694.3亿元,占各期GDP比重均不超过0.26‰。因此,建筑部门有望走上一条技术可行、经济可接受的低碳转型之路。 相似文献
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基于系统动力学方法和联合国政府间气候变化专门委员会(IPCC)排放因子法,对上海市 2000—2019 年的化石能源 CO2排放进行定量核算,构建上海市化石能源 CO2排放系统动力学模型,并模拟基础排放、低排放、高排放 3 种情景下的未来 CO2排放变化。研究发现：(1)根据 2000—2019 年统计数据,上海市化石能源的 CO2排放从 2003 年开始攀升,到 2010 年开始趋于平稳增长,其中增长最快的阶段为 2004—2007 年,增长了 32.7%;(2)上海市生产总值(GDP)年增长,2050 年低排放情景较基础情景下降 25%,高排放情景较基础情景上升 33%;(3)2020—2050 年低排放情景的能源消费量呈下降趋势,基础情景与高排放情景的能源消费量呈先增后降趋势,分别在 2029 年、2037 年达到峰值,但能源强度从高到低为低排放情景、基础情景、高排放情景,主要是由于 GDP 增长问题导致;(4)基础情景与低排放情景的 CO2排放在 2030 年达到峰值,... 相似文献
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能源消费达峰年和CO_2排放达峰年紧密关联,大多数发达国家或其组成的经济体是两个峰值同时达到;不同时达到的国家主要是非化石能源的增量超过能源消费的增量,从而实现错位达峰。能源消费达峰时,GDP的增长速度与单位GDP能耗(下称能耗强度)的下降速度相抵消,从而达峰年能耗强度下降的速度锁定了GDP的增长速度。发达国家能耗强度下降速度可作为未来我国能源消费达峰时经济增长速度的参照,1990-2012年间能耗强度下降最快的英国是2.45%,在这个速度下达峰所能支撑的经济增长速度为2.5%。中国在未来多个与能源消费相关的关键指标达到能源消费峰值基本条件时,其能耗强度下降速度也将与发达国家类似。不能期望中国2035年前后的能耗强度下降速度与1990-2012年间中国开始重视能耗强度控制时的下降速度相同,此时,达峰也只能支撑4.2%的经济增长速度,况且国际大环境也发生根本变化。 相似文献
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我国化学工业二氧化碳排放影响因素研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
本文基于因素分解方法(LMDI)研究了影响我国化学工业1996-2007年间二氧化碳排放量变化的关键因素,包括部门能源消费、化学工业化石能源比例、化石能源结构、能源碳排放强度、经济增长、化学工业产出比例、化学工业的部门结构、能耗强度等8个因素.研究结果表明了经济活动和能耗强度下降是影响中国化学工业1996-2007年二氧化碳排放的两个最重要的因素,能耗强度的下降明显减少了二氧化碳的排放,但仍无法抵消经济增长导致的二氧化碳排放量的增加;化学工业能源结构的优化对二氧化碳的排放起到了减量作用;能源结构及具体部门结构效应对碳排量的影响最小. 相似文献
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基于IPAT模型和情景分析法的山西省碳排放峰值年预测 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
山西省是中国重要的能源重化工基地,温室气体排放量位居中国前列,减排压力巨大,合理预测碳排放峰值年,有助于明晰减排目标,为有效设计减排路径提供帮助。本文采用IPAT模型,对山西省中长期能源碳排放量以及峰值年进行了预测。结果显示,在山西省当前能源与结构状态下,相较于可再生能源年替代率,年GDP增速和年节能率对山西省中长期碳排放影响更为显著,是2030年达到碳排放峰值年的关键控制指标。在GDP低速和中速发展情景下,山西省碳排放量均可在2030年前达到峰值,碳排放最大峰值量分别为6.6亿t和7.1亿t;在GDP高速发展情景下,预测结果显示,2015-2040年碳排放量一直增长,无法达到峰值年,上调年节能率或可再生能源年替代率0.60%及以上,方可确保山西省2030年达到碳排放峰值年。 相似文献
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<正>世界经济蓬勃发展,对一次能源的需求日益增长,但是由此导致环境污染、生态破坏和气候变暖等全球性的环境问题。随着人们对建筑舒适性的要求越来越高,未来的住宅和商业冷却需求将大大增加,日间辐射冷却作为一种新兴的冷却技术具有很好的发展前景。本文从理论角度建立日间辐射冷却的理论模型,为日间辐射冷却的进一步研究提供理论基础。1引言能源是人类生存和发展的物质基础,以煤、石油、天然气等化石燃料的能源结构极大的促进了世界的发展。当前,全球经济蓬勃发展,对能源的需求日益增长。《BP世界能源统计年鉴（2022）》的报告指出,目前接近82%的世界能源消耗来自于化石能源,2021年全世界一次能源需求增长5.8%,碳排放量增长5.9%,达到33.9亿吨二氧化碳当量。2021年中国的一次能源消耗增长率由2020年的2.1%增长到7.1%,一年的时间增长了5%, 相似文献
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《资源科学》2017,(12)
为明确中国温室气体峰值排放变化及其对全球减排的促进关系,本文通过从行业终端出发的温室气体排放模型,利用联合国相关组织、世界银行、国际能源署等机构的数据,结合中国能源战略规划目标设置了由弱到强的三种减排政策支持力度,分析了当前至2060年的中国温室气体排放特征与达峰时间和累积排放量变化,以及中国对全球温室气体减排的贡献。主要结论有:(1)中国在应对气候变化的既有能源政策支持下,将于2030年达到温室气体排放峰值(144.28±7.48)亿t CO_2eq,2020—2060年累计排放量将比无减缓政策情景减少约2243.82亿t CO_2eq;(2)加快能源目标的实现有助于尽早达峰,如中国在2025年达成2030年能源规划目标,温室气体排放达峰时间将提前到2027年,其峰值(133.88±6.03)亿t CO_2eq,2020—2060年累计排放量较2030年达峰的情景减少约517.46亿t CO_2eq,尽早达峰可使排放总量显著下降;(3)在各国国家自主决定贡献(INDCs)承诺顺利实现的情况下,如果中国达峰时间从2030年提前至2027年,不太可能改变全球排放达峰的时间(2031年),但可使全球排放峰值从534.89亿t CO_2eq下降为523.54亿t CO_2eq左右,2031—2060年的全球排放量下降速率从4.26亿t CO_2eq/a提高到4.38亿t CO_2eq/a。 相似文献
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<正>2020年9月22日,国家主席习近平在第七十五届联合国大会上宣布：“中国二氧化碳排放力争于2030年前达到峰值,努力争取2060年前实现碳中和。”届时,我国一次能源的主要来源,将从目前以化石能源为基础的碳基能源转变成“零碳能源”,包括核电、风电、光电、水电、生物质能等,进而能源的产生、传播、转换、应用链条也将出现根本性变化。在这一背景下,我国实现能源结构调整,助力“零碳能源”的相关研究正在如火如荼地展开。 相似文献
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Marjorie Armstrong-Stassen Margaret Landstrom Ramona Lumpkin 《The Information Society》1998,14(2):153-164
This study examined how students who had no prior experience with videoconferencing would react to the use of videoconferencing as an instructional medium. Students enrolled in seven different courses completed a questionnaire at the beginning of the semester and again at the end of the semester. Students at the origination and remote sites did not differ in their reactions toward videoconferencing but there was a significant difference for gender. Women reacted less favorably to videoconferencing. Compared to the beginning of the semester, students reported significantly less positive attitudes toward taking a course through videoconferencing at the end of the semester. There were no significant differences in students' attitudes toward videoconferencing across courses at the beginning of the semester but there were significant differences across the courses at the end of the semester. The results suggest the need for better preparation for both students and instructors. 相似文献
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A joint study by Prof. ZHANG Zhibin from the CAS Institute of Zoology his co-workers from Norway US Swiss have indicated that historical outbreaks of migratory locusts in China were associated with cold spells suggesting that China's projected climate warming could decrease the pest's numbers. The study was published in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences on September .…… 《中国科学院院刊(英文版)》2008,22(1):6-7
Ajoint study by Prof. ZHANG Zhibin from the CAS Institute of Zoology and his co-workers from Norway, US and Swiss have indicated that historical outbreaks of migratory locusts in China were associated with cold spells, suggesting that China＇s projected climate warming could decrease the pest＇s numbers. The study was published in Proceedings of theNational Academy of Sciences on 17 September, 2007. 相似文献
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Caroline Haythornthwaite 《The Information Society》2001,17(3):211-226
A computer-mediated group is a complex entity whose members exchange many types of information via multiple means of communication in pursuit of goals specific to their environment. Over time, they coordinate technical features of media with locally enacted use to achieve a viable working arrangement. To explore this complex interaction, a case study is presented of the social networks of interactions and media use among members of a class of computer-supported distance learners. Results show how group structures associated with project teams dominated who communicated with whom, about what, and via which media over the term, and how media came to occupy their own communication niches: Webboard for diffuse class-wide communication; Internet Relay Chat more to named others but still for general communication across the class; and e-mail primarily for intrateam communication. Face-to-face interaction, occurring only during a short on-campus session, appears to have had a catalytic effect on social and emotional exchanges. Results suggest the need to structure exchanges to balance class-wide sharing of ideas with subgroup interactions that facilitate project completion, and to provide media that support these two modes of interaction. 相似文献
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《中国科学院院刊(英文版)》2008,22(1):2-3
CAS should stick to the principle of rendering service to, and giving impetus for, the development of China＇s science enterprise by making S＆T innovations, said CAS President LU Yongxiang. The CAS president made the remarks in a recent talk to communicate the gist of the winter session of the Party＇s Leading-member Group at CAS, which was held from 7 to 11 January in Beijing. 相似文献
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《中国科学院院刊(英文版)》2008,22(1)
With great care, Dr. ZHOU Zhonghe takes out a package wrapped by cotton tissue from a drawer and says: "This is the gem of our collections: the fossil of a bird that lived 125 million years ago!" Then, pointing at a tiny mound, he explains: "Look, this is the claw and that is the head. It was in the egg shell and ready to hatch ... The species fell into a family of waterside inhabitants." 相似文献
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Electronic data interchange (EDI) provides means for interorganizational communication, creates network externalities, requires an advanced information technology (IT) infrastructure, and relies on standards. In the diffusion of such innovations, institutional involvement is imperative. Such institutions contain governmental agencies, national and global standardization organizations, local government, and nonprofit private organizations like industry associations. The last type of organizations we call intermediating institutions. They intermediate or coordinate ("inscribe") the activities of a group of would-be adopters. Unfortunately, little is known of how these organizations shape the EDI diffusion trajectory. In this article we examine one specific type of intermediating organizations?industry associations?and how they advanced the EDI diffusion process in the grocery sectors of Hong Kong, Denmark and Finland. We identify six institutional measures, placed into a matrix formed by the mode of involvement (influence vs. regulation) and the type of diffusion force (supply push vs. demand pull), that can be mobilized to further the EDI diffusion. Industry associations were found to be active users of all these measures to varying degrees. Their role was critical especially in knowledge building, knowledge deployment, and standard setting. Furthermore, institutional involvement varied due to policy and cultural contingencies and power dependencies. 相似文献
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Puay Tang 《The Information Society》1998,14(1):19-31
The increasing prospects of digital piracy has prompted the perceived need by electronic publishers to adopt technical systems of protection, and governments to reform their copyright laws. This article is a preliminary study of the management of intellectual property by electronic publishers, defined as those involved in the production of online databases, and CD-ROMs. It focuses on three main issues: (1) how electronic publishers view the increasing threat of piracy; (2) the methods of protection employed to protect intellectual property in digital format; and (3) the importance of technological protection of intellectual property in electronic publications. The analysis is based on a sample of 23 UK electronic publishers. The interviews revealed an interesting assortment of protection methods and did not show that technological protection was a preferred way. Instead, the means of protection, in addition to copyright law, comprised niche markets, pricing, trust, bad publicity, and nontechnical and technical means. 相似文献
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Milton Mueller 《The Information Society》2001,17(3):151-163
Long-standing conflict between domain name registrants and trademark holders prompted the Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN) to create a global, mandatory arbitration procedure known as the Uniform Dispute Resolution Policy (UDRP). The UDRP has been used in 2166 cases involving 3938 domain names as of 1 November 2000. The policy gives the initiator of a complaint, generally a trademark holder, the right to choose which ICANN-accredited dispute resolution service provider (RSP) will handle the case. During the preparation of the UDRP,some feared that complainant selection would lead to "forum shopping" that might bias the results. This article performs a statistical assessment of the forum-shopping thesis and finds support for it. There are statistically significant differences in the various RSPs' propensity to take away names from defendants; there are also major differences in the number of cases brought to each RSP. RSPs who take away names have the larger share of cases. The study examines other variables that might explain differences in market share, such as price, the plaintiff's nationality, or the time taken to decide a case. It finds that nationality and time also are correlated with market share. The study concludes that shopping for a favorable outcome is an important factor in the UDRP. 相似文献
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Prof. Raymond C.K. Chen a neuropsychologist with the CAS Institute of Psychology has made novel progress in his studies of schizophrenia. His work has been reported by a recent issue of Behavioural Neurology.…… 《中国科学院院刊(英文版)》2008,22(1):15-15
Prof. Raymond C.K. Chen, a neuropsychologist with the CAS Institute of Psychology, has made novel progress in his studies of schizophrenia. His work has been reported by a recent issue of Behavioural Neurology. 相似文献
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Leah A. Lievrouw 《The Information Society》1998,14(2):83-96
The main premise of this article is that in information societies generally, and in virtual social contexts particularly, a distinctive style of interaction to facilitate the communication of difference, heterotopic communication , has emerged. It rests on two cultural foundations: an ideological belief in the positive, socially integrating power of communication, and a prevailing ethic of instrumental rationality, subjective individualism, and strategically practiced self-interest. The former is demonstrated by the use of simulation and spectacle as sources of information; exhibitionism/voyeurism as a communicative style; and the awareness of surveillance. The latter is seen in the competitive use of knowledge as a commodity; a surface globalism masking deep parochialism; lateral as well as vertical information inequity; and the use of public versus private as strategies for engagement rather than as spaces. Those who engage in heterotopic communication resort to their 'own devices' both in the sense of personal agendas, strategies, interests, and interpretations, and in the form of the telecommunication tools that help realize them. These personal and technological devices allow individuals with the right educational and technical resources to avoid exposure to disagreement, difference, or other information that does not serve their direct purposes or reflect their particular views of the world; yet they also help convey the appearance of openness, availability, and cooperation. This style of interaction is used strategically in combination with information and communication technologies to gain social or economic advantages, but it may encourage social separatism and parochialism, inhibit the negotiation of disputes, and emphasize competing interests. 相似文献