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1.
基于统计降尺度模型的博斯腾湖流域未来气温和降水变化趋势分析 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
SDSM统计降尺度模型是解决空间尺度不匹配问题的有效工具,它使气候变化响应研究得以在区域尺度上展开。本文将SDSM模型应用于博斯腾湖流域分析它的适用性,并对流域未来气温和降雨的变化趋势进行了预测。以日平均气温、最高气温、最低气温和日平均降雨量为预报量,选取合适的NCEP大气环流因子为预报因子,建立预报量与预报因子间的回归关系。利用1961年-1990年、1991年-2001年的实测数据和NCEP大气变量分别对SDSM模型进行率定和验证,效果较好。把HadCM3输出的A2、B2情景下的大气环流变量作为模型输入变量,模拟流域未来3个时期(2020s、2050s和2090s)的气温和降水变化。结果显示,流域未来日平均气温、最高气温和最低气温都呈现明显上升趋势,升高幅度为:日最高气温日平均气温日最低气温,且A2情景下气温增幅略大于B2情景;冬季气温增幅最小,夏季增幅最大;与全国降水的增加趋势不同,博斯腾湖流域未来的年降水量呈现明显减少趋势。分析结果可为博斯腾湖流域开展气候变化的水文响应研究以及气候变化的适应性研究提供科学依据。 相似文献
2.
两种统计降尺度模型在太湖流域的应用对比 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
本研究采用A1B情景下大气环流模式BCCR输出的大气环流预报因子,同时应用两种统计降尺度模型ASD(Automated Statistical Downscaling Model)和SDSM(Statistical Downscaling Model),预测太湖流域8个站点未来两个时期(2046年-2065年和2081年-2100年)的日最高、最低气温和降水。重点针对两种模型中的预报因子选择、模型率定和验证以及建立的未来气候变化情景结果,对比分析两种模型在太湖流域的适用性。结果表明:在预报因子选择方面,依靠人为主观判断的SDSM模型和提供自动预报因子选择方法的ASD模型选择的预报因子基本一致,因此ASD相对优化了预报因子的选择过程。在率定和验证效果上,两种模型对气温的模拟效果较好,对降水的模拟效果不佳,但是ASD的模拟效果要好于SDSM。在未来两个时期,两种模型模拟的未来最高和最低气温变化并不显著,但从多年平均来看,ASD模拟的气温略有上升,而SDSM模拟的气温略有下降;相较气温,未来降水变化较为显著,ASD模拟的降水量增幅明显高于SDSM模拟的降水增幅。综合考虑模拟的结果并结合他人的研究成果,认为ASD对太湖流域未来气候的模拟优于SDSM。 相似文献
3.
基于统计降尺度的渭河流域未来日极端气温变化趋势分析 总被引：7，自引：3，他引：4
本文基于GCM输出和统计降尺度技术,在渭河流域应用统计降尺度模型SDSM(statistical Downscaling Model),选取日最高和最低气温作为预报量,分析了渭河流域未来最高气温与最低气温的变化趋势.利用NCEP再分析数据与站点实测数据选择合适的预报因子并建立大尺度环流因子和预报量之间的经验统计关系,其中数据序列分为1961年～1990年和1991年～2000年2个时段,分别用于模型率定和验证;然后,应用确立的统计关系将HadcM3输出的未来数据(包括A2、B2两种情景)降尺度到站点尺度,基准期选取1961年～1990年.研究结果表明:渭河流域未来日最高和最低气温总体呈增温趋势,其增温幅度在A2情景下比B2情景下高;两种情景下,日最高气温增温幅度较日最低气温略大;日最高和最低气温在2020s、2050s和2080s时期的空间变化趋势较为一致;日最高和最低气温的空间变化在A2和B2情景下大体呈现出由流域西北部向东南部逐渐变弱的趋势. 相似文献
4.
统计降尺度法分析太湖流域未来气候变化情景 总被引：10，自引：2，他引：8
大气环流模型(GCMs)预测的气候变化情景,需通过降尺度处理得出区域尺度上未来气候变化的时空分布信息,才能满足气候变化对资源、环境和社会经济等影响进行评估的需要。本文简单介绍了目前降尺度模式的研究现状,重点分析了统计降尺度的优缺点及适用性,并应用太湖流域7个气象站点基准期(1961年～1990年)日最高气温和最低气温实测资料,对统计降尺度模型(SDSM)进行率定和验证,确定模型应用的预报因子变量,建立未来3个时期(2020s、2050s和2080s)的气温变化情景。结果表明,SDSM模型对于太湖流域日最高气温和最低气温的模拟效果较好,可以很好地模拟太湖流域未来的气温变化。与基准期相比,A2、B2情景下,太湖流域未来3个时期的日最高和最低气温变化情景都表现出明显的上升趋势,且随时间推移增幅明显增大;流域未来3个时期气温的季节变化较为明显,其中冬季增温最显著,秋季次之,春季和夏季变化相对较小。分析成果可为太湖流域未来气候变化情景的构建提供科学依据,以期为决策支持部门提供参考。 相似文献
5.
海河流域基于多模式的未来气候变化趋势 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
根据国家气候中心提供的7个气候模式在3种RCP排放情景的情景资料,分析了海河流域未来30~50年气候的可能变化趋势。结果表明,海河流域未来气温将持续升高,RCP26、RCP45和RCP85情景下的线性升率约为(0.07~0.59)℃/10a、(0.18~0.45)℃/10a和(0.33~0.65)℃/10a。未来降水变化具有较大的不确定性,与基准期(1961-1990年)相比,未来海河流域降水可能呈现增加趋势,3种排放情景下2021-2050年降水量较基准期分别增加3.4%、6.8%和3.4%左右。在季节分配上,冬春季节气温升幅较大,春夏季节升温幅度相对较小;非汛期降水的相对变化幅度大于汛期的相对变化幅度。在空间分布上,升温幅度自南向北依次递增;降水变化幅度自西北向东南递减。 相似文献
6.
利用1961-2012年海河流域35个气象台站的逐日降水资料,采用连续复小波(Morlet)、正交函数分解法(EOF)、线性回归分析法、滑动t检验及空间差值法等,研究不同等级降水的时空变化特征及其影响。研究结果表明:(1)海河流域年降水量存在5a、15a、25a左右的周期变化;降水变化场表现出全区一致多雨或少雨、南-北向降水分布相反、东南-西北向降水分布相反的空间分布特征;(2)海河流域夏季对年降水量、年降水日数和年平均降水强度的贡献最大,各时间尺度降水日数均以小雨为主,各级别降水强度也均呈夏、秋、春、冬季依次递减。其中,年暴雨量和暴雨强度、夏季暴雨量和暴雨日数均呈明显减小趋势,夏季大雨量和大雨日数也有明显减少趋势;(3)永定河系对全流域降水量和降水强度的贡献最小,各子流域降水日数也均以小雨为主。其中,永定、子牙、大清河系的暴雨量和永定、大清、北三河系的暴雨强度均呈明显减少趋势,北三河系的大雨量和大雨日数减少趋势明显,子牙河系的中雨量、中雨日数和中雨强度均呈明显减少趋势;(4)海河流域降水的时空变化会引起地表径流减少和地下水位下降,导致海河流域水资源短缺现象恶化。 相似文献
7.
利用全球交互式全球大集合预报资料和中国降水融合产品资料,对2013年7月12至14日1307号"苏力"台风多模式降水预报进行分级回归统计降尺度研究,并对多模式预报结果进行多模式集成,然后对降水预报结果进行频率匹配法订正。结果表明,四个中心降水预报的分级回归统计降尺度的预报效果改进显著,但对降水量级预报误差改进有限。多模式集成预报中,简单集合平均能明显提高降水预报的距平相关系数,消除偏差集合平均能明显减小降水量预报的均方根误差。四个中心预报经过频率匹配法订正后大雨及以上量级降水的漏报率有所改进,大雨量级的预报改进最明显。频率匹配法处理后强降水区的面积偏差得到显著改进,预报面积误差明显减少。 相似文献
8.
通过对T213、NCEP、JMA和德国天气在线4种模式的产品对湖州从2005年1月到2007年6月的温度、降水预报的对比分析,利用前5日和历史权重法建立了对温度、降水的集合预报方法,检验表明:集成的温度、降水预报结果优于大多数模式单独的预报结果,降水24 h、48 h定性预报准确率70%左右.前5日集成模式重要温度预报的平均绝对误差在2℃左右,并且不存在明显的系统误差,预报达到了一定的精度;同时前5日的集成方法比历史集成方法更为优越,可提高温度和降水准确率5%左右,为预报员提供更精细的客观预报参考. 相似文献
9.
1998-2011年海河流域植被覆盖变化及气候因子驱动分析 总被引：7，自引：0，他引：7
基于1998-2011年的SPOT/NDVI数据,结合海河流域土地覆盖数据分析了海河流域植被覆盖的时空变化特征,然后利用海河流域30个气象站的气温和降水资料对海河流域植被覆盖变化的气候驱动力进行了分析。结果表明：1998-2011年海河流域NDVI呈缓慢上升趋势,植被覆盖状况总体上在改善,但是在空间存在明显差异,其中农田、森林、湿地改善最为明显,植被明显改善区域与植被高波动区分布基本一致,植被覆盖基本不变区域与植被低波动区基本一致;海河流域植被覆盖变化受气候因子驱动的面积比例为31.7%,非气候因子驱动型分布于整个流域,占整个流域面积的68.3%,其分布地区土地覆盖类型主要是农田、建设用地,表明人类活动对植被变化的影响较大。 相似文献
10.
气候变化下石羊河流域径流模拟与影响量化 总被引：2，自引：2，他引：0
石羊河流域是河西走廊水资源利用率最高、供需矛盾最突出的地区.本文选取石羊河中上游流域为对象,基于流域水文模型SWAT,研究1988年-2005年以及未来多种气候情景下出山口径流的变化特征,探讨气候变化对其中上游地区水文情势以及水资源的影响.研究表明:①采用SWAT模型对石羊河各条支流径流模拟已能够体现该流域中上游地区的降水径流特性,模拟精度满足未来气候变化对流域水文情势影响分析的要求;②通过调整历史降水和潜在蒸散发驱动SWAT模型对比分析未来A2和B2情景下2020s(2020年-2037年)、2050s(2050年-2067年)和2080s(2080年-2097年)三个时间段径流过程.未来A2和B2情景下石羊河流域降水和潜在蒸散发持续增加,但降水增幅略高.由此导致径流呈持续上升趋势,但增幅较小.A2与B2情景相比,A2情景下降水和潜在蒸散发的增幅均略高于B2情景.气候变化影响下未来石羊河流域径流量将略微增加,杂木寺断面增幅为1.37％～9.03％,而西营断面增幅为0.12％～5.04％.研究可为气候变化环境下的石羊河流域水资源综合管理规划提供技术支撑和依据. 相似文献
11.
Marjorie Armstrong-Stassen Margaret Landstrom Ramona Lumpkin 《The Information Society》1998,14(2):153-164
This study examined how students who had no prior experience with videoconferencing would react to the use of videoconferencing as an instructional medium. Students enrolled in seven different courses completed a questionnaire at the beginning of the semester and again at the end of the semester. Students at the origination and remote sites did not differ in their reactions toward videoconferencing but there was a significant difference for gender. Women reacted less favorably to videoconferencing. Compared to the beginning of the semester, students reported significantly less positive attitudes toward taking a course through videoconferencing at the end of the semester. There were no significant differences in students' attitudes toward videoconferencing across courses at the beginning of the semester but there were significant differences across the courses at the end of the semester. The results suggest the need for better preparation for both students and instructors. 相似文献
12.
A joint study by Prof. ZHANG Zhibin from the CAS Institute of Zoology his co-workers from Norway US Swiss have indicated that historical outbreaks of migratory locusts in China were associated with cold spells suggesting that China's projected climate warming could decrease the pest's numbers. The study was published in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences on September .…… 《中国科学院院刊(英文版)》2008,22(1):6-7
Ajoint study by Prof. ZHANG Zhibin from the CAS Institute of Zoology and his co-workers from Norway, US and Swiss have indicated that historical outbreaks of migratory locusts in China were associated with cold spells, suggesting that China＇s projected climate warming could decrease the pest＇s numbers. The study was published in Proceedings of theNational Academy of Sciences on 17 September, 2007. 相似文献
13.
Caroline Haythornthwaite 《The Information Society》2001,17(3):211-226
A computer-mediated group is a complex entity whose members exchange many types of information via multiple means of communication in pursuit of goals specific to their environment. Over time, they coordinate technical features of media with locally enacted use to achieve a viable working arrangement. To explore this complex interaction, a case study is presented of the social networks of interactions and media use among members of a class of computer-supported distance learners. Results show how group structures associated with project teams dominated who communicated with whom, about what, and via which media over the term, and how media came to occupy their own communication niches: Webboard for diffuse class-wide communication; Internet Relay Chat more to named others but still for general communication across the class; and e-mail primarily for intrateam communication. Face-to-face interaction, occurring only during a short on-campus session, appears to have had a catalytic effect on social and emotional exchanges. Results suggest the need to structure exchanges to balance class-wide sharing of ideas with subgroup interactions that facilitate project completion, and to provide media that support these two modes of interaction. 相似文献
14.
《中国科学院院刊(英文版)》2008,22(1):2-3
CAS should stick to the principle of rendering service to, and giving impetus for, the development of China＇s science enterprise by making S＆T innovations, said CAS President LU Yongxiang. The CAS president made the remarks in a recent talk to communicate the gist of the winter session of the Party＇s Leading-member Group at CAS, which was held from 7 to 11 January in Beijing. 相似文献
15.
《中国科学院院刊(英文版)》2008,22(1)
With great care, Dr. ZHOU Zhonghe takes out a package wrapped by cotton tissue from a drawer and says: "This is the gem of our collections: the fossil of a bird that lived 125 million years ago!" Then, pointing at a tiny mound, he explains: "Look, this is the claw and that is the head. It was in the egg shell and ready to hatch ... The species fell into a family of waterside inhabitants." 相似文献
16.
Electronic data interchange (EDI) provides means for interorganizational communication, creates network externalities, requires an advanced information technology (IT) infrastructure, and relies on standards. In the diffusion of such innovations, institutional involvement is imperative. Such institutions contain governmental agencies, national and global standardization organizations, local government, and nonprofit private organizations like industry associations. The last type of organizations we call intermediating institutions. They intermediate or coordinate ("inscribe") the activities of a group of would-be adopters. Unfortunately, little is known of how these organizations shape the EDI diffusion trajectory. In this article we examine one specific type of intermediating organizations?industry associations?and how they advanced the EDI diffusion process in the grocery sectors of Hong Kong, Denmark and Finland. We identify six institutional measures, placed into a matrix formed by the mode of involvement (influence vs. regulation) and the type of diffusion force (supply push vs. demand pull), that can be mobilized to further the EDI diffusion. Industry associations were found to be active users of all these measures to varying degrees. Their role was critical especially in knowledge building, knowledge deployment, and standard setting. Furthermore, institutional involvement varied due to policy and cultural contingencies and power dependencies. 相似文献
17.
Puay Tang 《The Information Society》1998,14(1):19-31
The increasing prospects of digital piracy has prompted the perceived need by electronic publishers to adopt technical systems of protection, and governments to reform their copyright laws. This article is a preliminary study of the management of intellectual property by electronic publishers, defined as those involved in the production of online databases, and CD-ROMs. It focuses on three main issues: (1) how electronic publishers view the increasing threat of piracy; (2) the methods of protection employed to protect intellectual property in digital format; and (3) the importance of technological protection of intellectual property in electronic publications. The analysis is based on a sample of 23 UK electronic publishers. The interviews revealed an interesting assortment of protection methods and did not show that technological protection was a preferred way. Instead, the means of protection, in addition to copyright law, comprised niche markets, pricing, trust, bad publicity, and nontechnical and technical means. 相似文献
18.
Milton Mueller 《The Information Society》2001,17(3):151-163
Long-standing conflict between domain name registrants and trademark holders prompted the Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN) to create a global, mandatory arbitration procedure known as the Uniform Dispute Resolution Policy (UDRP). The UDRP has been used in 2166 cases involving 3938 domain names as of 1 November 2000. The policy gives the initiator of a complaint, generally a trademark holder, the right to choose which ICANN-accredited dispute resolution service provider (RSP) will handle the case. During the preparation of the UDRP,some feared that complainant selection would lead to "forum shopping" that might bias the results. This article performs a statistical assessment of the forum-shopping thesis and finds support for it. There are statistically significant differences in the various RSPs' propensity to take away names from defendants; there are also major differences in the number of cases brought to each RSP. RSPs who take away names have the larger share of cases. The study examines other variables that might explain differences in market share, such as price, the plaintiff's nationality, or the time taken to decide a case. It finds that nationality and time also are correlated with market share. The study concludes that shopping for a favorable outcome is an important factor in the UDRP. 相似文献
19.
Prof. Raymond C.K. Chen a neuropsychologist with the CAS Institute of Psychology has made novel progress in his studies of schizophrenia. His work has been reported by a recent issue of Behavioural Neurology.…… 《中国科学院院刊(英文版)》2008,22(1):15-15
Prof. Raymond C.K. Chen, a neuropsychologist with the CAS Institute of Psychology, has made novel progress in his studies of schizophrenia. His work has been reported by a recent issue of Behavioural Neurology. 相似文献
20.
Leah A. Lievrouw 《The Information Society》1998,14(2):83-96
The main premise of this article is that in information societies generally, and in virtual social contexts particularly, a distinctive style of interaction to facilitate the communication of difference, heterotopic communication , has emerged. It rests on two cultural foundations: an ideological belief in the positive, socially integrating power of communication, and a prevailing ethic of instrumental rationality, subjective individualism, and strategically practiced self-interest. The former is demonstrated by the use of simulation and spectacle as sources of information; exhibitionism/voyeurism as a communicative style; and the awareness of surveillance. The latter is seen in the competitive use of knowledge as a commodity; a surface globalism masking deep parochialism; lateral as well as vertical information inequity; and the use of public versus private as strategies for engagement rather than as spaces. Those who engage in heterotopic communication resort to their 'own devices' both in the sense of personal agendas, strategies, interests, and interpretations, and in the form of the telecommunication tools that help realize them. These personal and technological devices allow individuals with the right educational and technical resources to avoid exposure to disagreement, difference, or other information that does not serve their direct purposes or reflect their particular views of the world; yet they also help convey the appearance of openness, availability, and cooperation. This style of interaction is used strategically in combination with information and communication technologies to gain social or economic advantages, but it may encourage social separatism and parochialism, inhibit the negotiation of disputes, and emphasize competing interests. 相似文献