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1.
中国经济的直接物质投入与物质减量分析 总被引：21，自引：4，他引：21
一个国家的经济发展需要物质投入,投入的物质量越大,对自然资源的消耗越多,排放的废弃物也越多,因此造成的环境压力也就越大.降低环境压力实现可持续发展的根本途径在于减少经济系统运行所需的物质量.本文以德国Wuppertal气候、能源、环境研究所提出的物质流账户系统为基础,计算了1990年～2002年中国经济系统的直接物质投入,并对其进行了减量化分析和国际比较.结果表明:中国直接物质投入(Direct Material InputDMI)为27×108t～42×108t,DMI中90%以上是国内物质,这一比例比日本高约20个百分点,比荷兰高约40个百分点,说明我国经济发展主要依赖自身资源的支撑;中国的人均DMI量为3t左右,约为英国的1/5、荷兰的1/9;中国的DMI使用效率(单位DMI创造的GDP)也比发达国家低很多,1996年只有不到200美元/t,约为同年荷兰的1/5、日本的1/11;但中国的DMI使用效率在升高,过去8年的平均年增长率约为6%,说明我国经济实现了一定程度的物质减量;通过对未来50年中国人均GDP增长率的估计以及国家计划生育委员会对2050年中国人口的预测得出,若保持经济增长的同时实现DMI使用量的零增长,2050年中国的DMI使用效率应是现在的5倍或10倍,即年增长率达到3.35%或4.85%,实现这一目标是完全可能的. 相似文献
2.
由于各国资源禀赋条件和生产、消费水平不同,各种资源及其产品的国际贸易有利于国际分工的深化和整体生产力水平的提高,使全球资源的分配更加合理.但出口国为了提供出口商品,需开采本国资源,这一方面降低了本国资源的保障程度,另一方面出口商品的生产和本国资源开采加大了本国的环境压力;为发展本国经济发生的进口则对进口商品来源国的环境产生压力.因此国际贸易总是伴随着环境负担的转移.为了定量衡量实物国际贸易中附带的环境负担转移,本研究运用生态包袱概念和算法计算了中国1990年～2002年国际贸易对本国环境和别国环境引起的环境压力,并对中国这一时期的实物国际贸易做了详细分析.研究结果表明:1990年～2002年间以重量计算的中国的物质进口量为每年1.0×108t～4.0×108t,年增长率为11.3%;进口商品所附带的生态包袱为每年4.3×108t～25.0×108t,年增长率为15.6%;出口量为每年0.8×108t～1.9×108t,年增长率为7.5%,出口商品的生态包袱为每年3.0×108t～12.5×108t,年增长率为11.2%;实物贸易平衡(进口盈余)为每年0.25×108t～2.1×108t,总体趋于增长;生态包袱平衡(进口物质附带的生态包袱-出口物质附带的生态包袱)为每年1.1×108t～14.3×108t.1990年～2002年间中国每进口1t的物质对物质来源国的环境造成约4.2t～6.7t的环境压力,而中国出口1t的物质对本国环境产生大约3.9t～8.3t的环境压力. 相似文献
3.
中国能源消费的分解分析 总被引：24，自引：8，他引：24
经济发展对能源消耗的不断增加同能源储量不断减少之间的矛盾日趋严重,能源危机时威胁着世界经济的发展.我国正处于全面工业化时期,经济快速发展,能源使用效率低,近几年不少地区出现的不同程度的"三荒"(电荒、煤荒和油荒)正是这一矛盾的体现.为了深入了解我国经济发展和能源使用效率对能源消耗的影响,本文运用分解模型把能源消耗总量的变化分解为经济增长效应和能源强度效应.计算结果显示:1978年～2003年间能源效率年均增长率为4.76%,能源消耗总量没有随GDP的增长而同比增长,经济发展与能源消耗之间实现了一定程度的相对脱钩;研究期间中国经济发展的增长效应共使能源消耗量增加约22.8×108t标准煤,而能源消耗强度降低所带来的减量效应共使能源消耗量减少约11.7×108t标准煤.若要在实现2020年国内生产总值(GDP)在2000年的基础上翻两番的目标的同时,使能源消耗总量保持在2000年水平,2000年～2020年间能源使用效率年增长率需达到7.2%,这是十分困难,但经过努力实现这一期间能源效率年均增长5%,从而把2020年的能源消耗总量控制在20×108t标准煤以内是有可能的.特别值得注意的是2001年～2003年的能源消耗增长速度超过了同期的GDP增长速度,能源使用效率随经济的发展不但没有提高,反而在下降. 相似文献
4.
基于物质流分析方法的区域可持续发展动态研究——以广东省为例 总被引：9，自引：0，他引：9
为探讨区域可持续发展的程度,本文综合运用物质流分析方法和IPAT方法,对广东省经济系统在1990年~2005年期间的自然物质输入与物质输出进行计算分析,并与江苏省进行了对比。结果表明,广东省的物质利用效率在1990年~2005年期间低于江苏省,物质输出效率在1990年~1996年、2000年~2005年期间高于江苏省,在1997年~1999年期间低于江苏省;物质消耗强度在1990年~2005年期间高于江苏省,物质输出强度在1990年~1996年、2003年~2005年期间低于江苏省,在1997年~2002年期间高于江苏省。2001年~2005年是其中发展最好的一个阶段,初步实现了可持续发展,在此期间,广东省经济系统在保持自然物质输入少量增加(DMI年均增长5.47%)的基础上实现了经济的较高速发展(GDP年均增长13.95%),同时污染物质排放量增长较小(RPO年均上升1.68%)。 相似文献
5.
采用物质流分析方法构建了表征环境压力总量的环境载荷指标,对1990年-2007年安徽省环境载荷变化趋势及其减量化状态进行了定量分析。结果表明:全省环境荷载输出占环境总荷载的比重较小,经济发展的驱动力主要依靠省内资源的开发利用;环境效率提高产生的减量效应明显,全省环境载荷实现了一定程度的相对减量化,但经济增长引起的反弹效应强于环境效率提高产生的减量效应,省内环境总载荷增加,尚未实现环境载荷绝对减量化;全省环境效率处于较低水平,实现环境载荷零增长甚至负增长,仍需要实现环境效率的倍数革命;按照2020年GDP在2000年基础上翻两番的经济发展目标,初步预测2020年环境载荷要在2007年基础上实现零增长,则需实现环境效率约2倍数革命。 相似文献
6.
辽宁省经济系统物质代谢的核算及分析 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
将人类社会经济系统看成自然生态系统中的一个子系统，研究该系统物质代谢的数量和质量，是目前产业生态学前沿研究的重点。本研究对辽宁省自1990年至2003年间的物质代谢情况进行了核算和分析研究，从区域物质流情景的角度入手，推进了中国经济系统的物质代谢及产业生态学的研究，并与国内国际相关研究成果进行了对比。结果表明自1990年以来，辽宁省社会经济系统物质代谢的变化过程与全国过程有一定的类似，其所消耗的自然资源绝对数量较大，相对数量也高于全国平均水平。然而数量上的优势并没有能够高效率的转化为经济上的贡献，其自然物质生产效率不仅低于全国平均水平，而且也远远低于国际先进水平，以2003年单位自然物质投入所产生的GDP为例，该值仅相当于2000年欧盟15国平均水平的30%，1996年日本平均水平的10%。辽宁省高数量的自然资源消耗并没有换来高质量的回报。最后对物质流核算与分析方法的发展进行了一定的探讨。 相似文献
7.
基于循环经济深入发展的减物质化多重因素分解 总被引：8，自引：3，他引：5
从减物质化的内涵出发,阐述减物质化是循环经济深入发展和维持生态经济大系统均衡和功能的关键。基于拉斯拜尔指数和完全分解模型,对减物质化进行多重因素分解,研究物质强度、经济结构和经济规模对物质减量的影响,分析物质消耗的反弹效应与减量效应,以1985年～2006年我国能源消耗为例进行实证研究。结果表明：经济规模扩张是驱动我国能源消耗的主导因素,21年间共计驱动能源消耗23.6×108t标煤。经济结构的不尽合理增加能源消耗1.82×108t标煤,经济规模效应与结构效应的叠加使我国能源消费量呈逐年递增趋势。能源强度的减量效应共节约能源9.67×108t标煤,但强度因素的物质减量效应被经济规模扩张效应的增加所抵消,能源消耗的反弹效应明显。因此,在通过物质强度指标调控物质流动路径和方式的同时,应注重经济结构良性调整产生的减量效应,进而减小与抑制反弹效应,通过物质绝对减量指标测度循环经济的发展水平,实现经济发展与生态环境的良性互动。 相似文献
8.
中国资源消耗与经济增长动态关系的检验与分析 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1
随着人口继续保持增长、城市化进程进一步加快、经济结构进入快速转型期,各省经济要保持平稳较快的发展,必然会对自然资源产生更大的需求、对生态环境造成更大的压力。因此,对各地区经济系统的资源投入与消耗进行分析,对认清各省经济发展过程中的资源利用现状、调整可持续发展政策方向具有很强的现实意义。本文基于物质流核算框架下的物质投入核算方法,选取1990年-2008年数据,利用面板协整与误差修正模型对中国省级层面资源消耗与经济增长之间的动态关系进行了研究。研究结果表明:资源消耗与经济增长之间存在长期双向因果关系;化石能源消耗与人均GDP之间存在长期双向因果关系;矿物质消耗与人均GDP之间短期无因果关系;生物质消耗对人均GDP存在长期单向因果关系。并提出建议:短期内可采取控制矿物质消耗的政策;长期应采取化石能源的保护政策,大力开发生物质能源。 相似文献
9.
中国经济系统物质代谢核算及环境压力分析 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
利用物质代谢分析方法和环境冲击压力方程,对1990~2005年中国经济系统的物质代谢总量、强度、效率及资源循环利用率进行了核算和分析。结果表明:中国经济的高速发展很大程度上依赖于不断增长的物质高投入,并伴随着高污染排放;在人口增长速度相对缓慢的前提下,人均GDP的增长以物质代谢强度的大幅增加为代价;单位GDP的环境压力有所降低,但经济总量增长造成的环境总压力仍呈上升趋势;2005年中国资源循环利用率首次突破5%,但总体水平仍然低下;1996~2001年是中国经济系统物质代谢状况相对良好的一段时期,技术进步是影响物质代谢规模的关键因素。 相似文献
10.
关乎我国资源、环境、粮食安全和可持续发展的化肥产业 总被引：56，自引：1，他引：56
本文根据多年研究结果,总结和分析了我国化肥生产消费与资源开发利用、环境保护及可持续发展的关系.指出我国已经成为世界化肥生产消费大国,到2002年,化肥生产量达到0.379×108t,化肥消费量为0.434×108t,分别占世界总量的25%和30.7%,并且化肥品种向高浓度化发展.化肥消费的增多,保证了我国粮食安全,减缓了土壤养分缺乏,但目前主要作物施肥量较高,与先进国家相比,养分效率偏低,有大量有机养分没有得到很好利用.化肥生产需要消耗磷硫钾氨资源,特别是磷矿资源浪费严重,隐藏危机.化肥产业的发展还带来一定的环境问题,包括重金属和氮磷排放等方面需要引起重视.化肥发展要适度规模,核心问题是提高养分资源利用效率. 相似文献
11.
Marjorie Armstrong-Stassen Margaret Landstrom Ramona Lumpkin 《The Information Society》1998,14(2):153-164
This study examined how students who had no prior experience with videoconferencing would react to the use of videoconferencing as an instructional medium. Students enrolled in seven different courses completed a questionnaire at the beginning of the semester and again at the end of the semester. Students at the origination and remote sites did not differ in their reactions toward videoconferencing but there was a significant difference for gender. Women reacted less favorably to videoconferencing. Compared to the beginning of the semester, students reported significantly less positive attitudes toward taking a course through videoconferencing at the end of the semester. There were no significant differences in students' attitudes toward videoconferencing across courses at the beginning of the semester but there were significant differences across the courses at the end of the semester. The results suggest the need for better preparation for both students and instructors. 相似文献
12.
A joint study by Prof. ZHANG Zhibin from the CAS Institute of Zoology his co-workers from Norway US Swiss have indicated that historical outbreaks of migratory locusts in China were associated with cold spells suggesting that China's projected climate warming could decrease the pest's numbers. The study was published in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences on September .…… 《中国科学院院刊(英文版)》2008,22(1):6-7
Ajoint study by Prof. ZHANG Zhibin from the CAS Institute of Zoology and his co-workers from Norway, US and Swiss have indicated that historical outbreaks of migratory locusts in China were associated with cold spells, suggesting that China＇s projected climate warming could decrease the pest＇s numbers. The study was published in Proceedings of theNational Academy of Sciences on 17 September, 2007. 相似文献
13.
Caroline Haythornthwaite 《The Information Society》2001,17(3):211-226
A computer-mediated group is a complex entity whose members exchange many types of information via multiple means of communication in pursuit of goals specific to their environment. Over time, they coordinate technical features of media with locally enacted use to achieve a viable working arrangement. To explore this complex interaction, a case study is presented of the social networks of interactions and media use among members of a class of computer-supported distance learners. Results show how group structures associated with project teams dominated who communicated with whom, about what, and via which media over the term, and how media came to occupy their own communication niches: Webboard for diffuse class-wide communication; Internet Relay Chat more to named others but still for general communication across the class; and e-mail primarily for intrateam communication. Face-to-face interaction, occurring only during a short on-campus session, appears to have had a catalytic effect on social and emotional exchanges. Results suggest the need to structure exchanges to balance class-wide sharing of ideas with subgroup interactions that facilitate project completion, and to provide media that support these two modes of interaction. 相似文献
14.
《中国科学院院刊(英文版)》2008,22(1):2-3
CAS should stick to the principle of rendering service to, and giving impetus for, the development of China＇s science enterprise by making S＆T innovations, said CAS President LU Yongxiang. The CAS president made the remarks in a recent talk to communicate the gist of the winter session of the Party＇s Leading-member Group at CAS, which was held from 7 to 11 January in Beijing. 相似文献
15.
《中国科学院院刊(英文版)》2008,22(1)
With great care, Dr. ZHOU Zhonghe takes out a package wrapped by cotton tissue from a drawer and says: "This is the gem of our collections: the fossil of a bird that lived 125 million years ago!" Then, pointing at a tiny mound, he explains: "Look, this is the claw and that is the head. It was in the egg shell and ready to hatch ... The species fell into a family of waterside inhabitants." 相似文献
16.
Electronic data interchange (EDI) provides means for interorganizational communication, creates network externalities, requires an advanced information technology (IT) infrastructure, and relies on standards. In the diffusion of such innovations, institutional involvement is imperative. Such institutions contain governmental agencies, national and global standardization organizations, local government, and nonprofit private organizations like industry associations. The last type of organizations we call intermediating institutions. They intermediate or coordinate ("inscribe") the activities of a group of would-be adopters. Unfortunately, little is known of how these organizations shape the EDI diffusion trajectory. In this article we examine one specific type of intermediating organizations?industry associations?and how they advanced the EDI diffusion process in the grocery sectors of Hong Kong, Denmark and Finland. We identify six institutional measures, placed into a matrix formed by the mode of involvement (influence vs. regulation) and the type of diffusion force (supply push vs. demand pull), that can be mobilized to further the EDI diffusion. Industry associations were found to be active users of all these measures to varying degrees. Their role was critical especially in knowledge building, knowledge deployment, and standard setting. Furthermore, institutional involvement varied due to policy and cultural contingencies and power dependencies. 相似文献
17.
Puay Tang 《The Information Society》1998,14(1):19-31
The increasing prospects of digital piracy has prompted the perceived need by electronic publishers to adopt technical systems of protection, and governments to reform their copyright laws. This article is a preliminary study of the management of intellectual property by electronic publishers, defined as those involved in the production of online databases, and CD-ROMs. It focuses on three main issues: (1) how electronic publishers view the increasing threat of piracy; (2) the methods of protection employed to protect intellectual property in digital format; and (3) the importance of technological protection of intellectual property in electronic publications. The analysis is based on a sample of 23 UK electronic publishers. The interviews revealed an interesting assortment of protection methods and did not show that technological protection was a preferred way. Instead, the means of protection, in addition to copyright law, comprised niche markets, pricing, trust, bad publicity, and nontechnical and technical means. 相似文献
18.
Milton Mueller 《The Information Society》2001,17(3):151-163
Long-standing conflict between domain name registrants and trademark holders prompted the Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN) to create a global, mandatory arbitration procedure known as the Uniform Dispute Resolution Policy (UDRP). The UDRP has been used in 2166 cases involving 3938 domain names as of 1 November 2000. The policy gives the initiator of a complaint, generally a trademark holder, the right to choose which ICANN-accredited dispute resolution service provider (RSP) will handle the case. During the preparation of the UDRP,some feared that complainant selection would lead to "forum shopping" that might bias the results. This article performs a statistical assessment of the forum-shopping thesis and finds support for it. There are statistically significant differences in the various RSPs' propensity to take away names from defendants; there are also major differences in the number of cases brought to each RSP. RSPs who take away names have the larger share of cases. The study examines other variables that might explain differences in market share, such as price, the plaintiff's nationality, or the time taken to decide a case. It finds that nationality and time also are correlated with market share. The study concludes that shopping for a favorable outcome is an important factor in the UDRP. 相似文献
19.
Prof. Raymond C.K. Chen a neuropsychologist with the CAS Institute of Psychology has made novel progress in his studies of schizophrenia. His work has been reported by a recent issue of Behavioural Neurology.…… 《中国科学院院刊(英文版)》2008,22(1):15-15
Prof. Raymond C.K. Chen, a neuropsychologist with the CAS Institute of Psychology, has made novel progress in his studies of schizophrenia. His work has been reported by a recent issue of Behavioural Neurology. 相似文献
20.
Leah A. Lievrouw 《The Information Society》1998,14(2):83-96
The main premise of this article is that in information societies generally, and in virtual social contexts particularly, a distinctive style of interaction to facilitate the communication of difference, heterotopic communication , has emerged. It rests on two cultural foundations: an ideological belief in the positive, socially integrating power of communication, and a prevailing ethic of instrumental rationality, subjective individualism, and strategically practiced self-interest. The former is demonstrated by the use of simulation and spectacle as sources of information; exhibitionism/voyeurism as a communicative style; and the awareness of surveillance. The latter is seen in the competitive use of knowledge as a commodity; a surface globalism masking deep parochialism; lateral as well as vertical information inequity; and the use of public versus private as strategies for engagement rather than as spaces. Those who engage in heterotopic communication resort to their 'own devices' both in the sense of personal agendas, strategies, interests, and interpretations, and in the form of the telecommunication tools that help realize them. These personal and technological devices allow individuals with the right educational and technical resources to avoid exposure to disagreement, difference, or other information that does not serve their direct purposes or reflect their particular views of the world; yet they also help convey the appearance of openness, availability, and cooperation. This style of interaction is used strategically in combination with information and communication technologies to gain social or economic advantages, but it may encourage social separatism and parochialism, inhibit the negotiation of disputes, and emphasize competing interests. 相似文献