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主要采用高速录像拍摄法,对参加2004年全国田径大奖赛暨总决赛(合肥站)的我国优秀的男子1500 m 运动员李炎各段落途中跑的运动学特征进行分析研究。结果发现:与世界优秀的男子中长跑运动员 Sebastian Coe 相比,李炎第二圈和第三圈的平均步长存在较大差距是李炎成绩落后 Sebastian Coe 的主要原因;李炎维持高速跑的能力较差;在全程的单步时间和步频上,李炎同世界优秀的中长跑运动员 Sebastian Coe 之间没有显著性差异;李炎途中跑技术的运动学特征存在着较大变形。 相似文献
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运用激光测速系统、运动学分析系统以及多参数同步触发系统,在上海2名优秀短跑运动员的100 m跑训练过程中进行测试,将运动员100 m途中跑支撑阶段的运动学参数与人体运动的水平速度进行同步分析,来揭示短跑运动员100 m途中跑速度的变化规律,讨论和分析短跑运动员100 m途中跑支撑阶段的不同运动学参数的变化与人体速度的关系,为教练员和运动员提高短跑途中跑的速度和改进技术动作提供一定的数据参考和理论依据。 相似文献
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一．放松能力对中长跑的影响
现代中长跑技术要求运动员充分调动最大限度的体能，并合理利用这些能量在最短的时间内完成跑距。这就要求我们运动员在途中跑中保持较高步频和较大的步幅．并使能量最低限度地消耗，为终点冲刺保持较高速度奠定基础。 相似文献
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谈100米加速跑训练 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
一、加速跑对百米成绩的意义 众所周知,随着百米跑运动成绩的不断提高,加速跑阶段的距离有明显的增长,速度有明显增快的趋势,对此,许多国家的专家学者们在过去研究的基础上,又对加速跑过程中的人体运动学特征进行了深入地研究和探讨。前苏联人的研究结果:百米跑成绩首先取决于运动员在起跑加速途中所能发挥的速度。德国人的研究表明:在成绩水平不同的百米跑运动员中,加速跑阶段的运动学特征存有明显差异,是百米跑全程中最重要的段落。 相似文献
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利用高速录像拍摄法、比较分析法、数理统计法等对参加2004年全国田径冠军赛暨大奖赛总决赛合肥站的我国优秀男子1500m运动员各段落途中跑的运动学特征进行了专题研究。结果表明:我国优秀男子1500m运动员各段落途中跑的运动学特征存在明显变形,主要表现在第二、三圈的平均速度明显低于第一、四圈的平均速度,这主要是由于我国优秀男子1500m运动员在第二、三圈支撑腿的缓冲时间延长、后蹬时间缩短所造成。 相似文献
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运用运动学、动力学同步测试分析的方法,揭示了不同水平短跑运动员支撑过程中支撑反作用力和人体运动学参数的差异及其相互关系,以认识短跑途中跑技术和支撑反作用力的特征。 相似文献
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苏锡华 《上海体育学院学报》1986,(3)
前言赛跑运动员躯干的前倾角度是途中跑技术的重要组成部分。它正确、合理与否在一定程度上影响着运动成绩的提高。一些文献资料认为,短跑运动员途中跑时的躯干前倾角度比中长跑小。长期来,在教学中基本上遵循了这一传统的说法。本文将从理论与实践两个方面,研究不同距离赛跑运动员合理的前倾角度及其随着速度的提高所引起的变化。 相似文献
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世界优秀女子200米跑技术的生物力学分析 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
以第六届世界田径锦标赛女子200米决赛的8名运动员为对象,分析了起跑与起跑后的加速跑和途中跑阶段的速度特征、冲刺跑技术的运动学特征,以及200米跑前后两个100米时间等,表明0～50米速度比较重要,50～100米段速度和200米跑成绩相关关系显著,100～150米段时间和200米跑成绩相关关系不显著,但该阶段对途中跑技术影响很大。 相似文献
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中长跑途中跑适宜步长的影响因素 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
从影响跑速的基本因素和支撑阶段的运动学参数两个方面对中长跑途中跑适宜步长进行了分析。结果表明：步长指数和步频能力与适宜步长的确定直接相关，而支撑时间与腾空时间的比值、支撑腿离地瞬间膝关节角度、支撑阶段身体重心水平位移距离等运动学参数则是影响适宜步长的主要因素。采用专项耐力指数对运动员的专项能力进行了分级，给出了不同专项能力水平运动员步长指数的适宜范围。 相似文献
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Richard G. Israel 《Research quarterly for exercise and sport》2013,84(3):521-523
Abstract The purpose of this investigation was to evaluate and quantify physiological differences among groups of distance runners. The subjects included 20 elite distance runners (8 marathon, 12 middle-long distance) and 8 good runners. Working capacity and cardiorespiratory function were determined by submaximal and maximal treadmill tests, and body composition by hydrostatic weighing. The variables studied were maximum oxygen uptake ([Vdot]O2 max), [Vdot]O2 submax, lactic acid submax, lean body weight, and fat weight. MANOVA showed that the good runners differed from the elite runners (p < 0.01) and the elite marathon runners differed from the elite middle-long distance runners (p < 0.05). Discriminant analysis showed that both functions were significant. The first was a general physiological efficiency factor that separated the good and elite runners. The second separated the elite marathon and middle-long distance groups. The second function showed that the marathon runners had lower lactic acid submax values. The middle-long distance runners had higher [Vdot]O2 max values. Classification analysis was used to evaluate the accuracy of the discriminant analysis; 80% of the elite runners were correctly classified as marathon or middle-long distance runners. The discriminant functions were used to develop a multivariate scaling model for evaluating distance runners. Two premier runners, one marathoner (F. Shorter) and one middle-long distance runner (S. Prefontaine), were found to be at the extremes of the scale. The data showed that the discriminant functions provided a valid model for evaluating differences among elite distance runners. 相似文献
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Bushnell T Hunter I 《Sports biomechanics / International Society of Biomechanics in Sports》2007,6(3):261-268
In the finishing kick of a distance race, maximizing speed becomes the focus even if economy may be sacrificed. If distance runners knew how to alter their technique to become more sprint-like, this process could be more successful. In this study, we compared the differences in technique between sprinters and distance runners while running at equal and maximal speeds. Athletes consisted of 10 Division I distance runners, 10 Division I sprinters, and 10 healthy non-runners. They performed two tests, each consisting of a 60-m run on the track: Test 1 at a set pace of 5.81 m/s, while Test 2 was maximal speed. Video was collected at 180 Hz. Significant differences (P < 0.05) between the sprint and distance groups at maximal speeds were found in the following areas: speed, minimum hip angle, knee extension at toe-off, stride length, contact time, and recovery knee at touchdown. In Test 1, sprinters and distance runners displayed many of the same significant differences. The control group was similar to the distance group in both trials. As distance runners attempt to sprint, the desired adjustments do not necessarily occur. Distance runners may benefit from biomechanical interventions to improve running speed near the end of a race. 相似文献
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Tyler Bushnell 《Sports biomechanics / International Society of Biomechanics in Sports》2013,12(3):261-268
In the finishing kick of a distance race, maximizing speed becomes the focus even if economy may be sacrificed. If distance runners knew how to alter their technique to become more sprint-like, this process could be more successful. In this study, we compared the differences in technique between sprinters and distance runners while running at equal and maximal speeds. Athletes consisted of 10 Division I distance runners, 10 Division I sprinters, and 10 healthy non-runners. They performed two tests, each consisting of a 60-m run on the track: Test 1 at a set pace of 5.81 m/s, while Test 2 was maximal speed. Video was collected at 180 Hz. Significant differences (P < 0.05) between the sprint and distance groups at maximal speeds were found in the following areas: speed, minimum hip angle, knee extension at toe-off, stride length, contact time, and recovery knee at touchdown. In Test 1, sprinters and distance runners displayed many of the same significant differences. The control group was similar to the distance group in both trials. As distance runners attempt to sprint, the desired adjustments do not necessarily occur. Distance runners may benefit from biomechanical interventions to improve running speed near the end of a race. 相似文献
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针刺内关穴对中长跑运动员心血管系统机能的影响 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
龚明波 《天津体育学院学报》2005,20(3):66-68
通过观察针刺内关穴对中长跑运动员心肌泵血功能和血液供应的变化及心脏功能的恢复作用,探讨其对提高中长跑运动员心功能的可行性及其作用机理。对20名中长跑运动员超声心动图的测试结果表明,针刺内关穴可以激发心脏心力储备的潜力,提高运动中心脏的舒张机能和泵血机能,有助于疲劳的恢复,提高运动能力。 相似文献
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运用文献资料法和逻辑论证法,探讨了中长跑训练中,各种训练内容和训练手段的合理安排对运动员体能恢复的促进作用,从而为提高我国中长跑训练的科学化水平提供理论依据。 相似文献
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G. S. Krahenbuhl R. P. Pangrazi E. A. Chomokos 《Research quarterly for exercise and sport》2013,84(3):413-421
Two groups of 8-year-old males were studied. One group (good runners) consisted of subjects who placed above the median on 5-, 7-, and 9-minute runs; a second group (poor runners) represented children who placed below the median on the same three runs. The aerobic responses of these subjects were determined for submaximal treadmill running at speeds of 134, 154, and 174m· min–1. Maximal aerobic power and maximal running speed were also measured. At common submaximal speeds the good runners used smaller proportions of both their maximal running speed and their maximal aerobic power. Estimations of the aerobic demands of a 9-minute run suggest that in 8-year-old males better distance runners (a) possess a faster maximal sprint speed, yet perform distance runs at higher percentage of their maximal speed; (b) require more O2 to sustain this pace; and (c) perform at a higher percentage of their maximal aerobic power than do distance runners of poorer ability. 相似文献
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Abstract Nine experienced middle distance runners completed three experimental runs of equal distance and duration on a motor driven treadmill. Each run varied according to pace (steady, fast-slow-fast, and slow-fast), with the individual order of runs rotated to prevent bias in this respect. Heart rate and oxygen consumption measures were taken during rest, exercise and a 30-minute recovery period. Oxygen consumption values for the 30–90 minute recovery period were extrapolated from earlier measured recovery values. Analysis of data indicated that there were no significant differences among the three pace plans in net oxygen intake during the runs. However, the total oxygen debt value for the steady pace was lower than that for either the fast-slow-fast or the slow-fast paces. The total net oxygen requirement for the steady pace was found to be significantly less than that for the other two paces with no significant difference between the fast-slow-fast and slow-fast paces. It was concluded that a steady pace is most efficient for achieving best time in the mile run. Several reasons for individual differences in the oxygen requirement for running a specified effort were discussed. 相似文献
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ABSTRACT Distal-to-proximal redistribution of joint work occurs following exhaustive running in recreational but not competitive runners but the influence of a submaximal run on joint work is unknown. The purpose of this study was to assess if a long submaximal run produces a distal-to-proximal redistribution of positive joint work in well-trained runners. Thirteen rearfoot striking male runners (weekly distance: 72.6 ± 21.2 km) completed five running trials while three-dimensional kinematic and ground reaction force data were collected before and after a long submaximal treadmill run (19 ± 6 km). Joint kinetics were calculated from these data and percent contributions of joint work relative to total lower limb joint work were computed. Moderate reductions in absolute negative ankle work (p = 0.045, Cohen’s d = 0.31), peak plantarflexor torque (p = 0.004, d = 0.34) and, peak negative ankle power (p = 0.005, d = 0.32) were observed following the long run. Positive ankle, knee and hip joint work were unchanged (p < 0.05) following the long run. These findings suggest no proximal shift in positive joint work in well-trained runners after a prolonged run. Runner population, running pace, distance, and relative intensity should be considered when examining changes in joint work following prolonged running. 相似文献
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《运动与健康科学(英文)》2021,10(5):537-549
The pacing behaviors used by elite athletes differ among individual sports, necessitating the study of sport-specific pacing profiles. Additionally, pacing behaviors adopted by elite runners differ depending on race distance. An “all-out” strategy, characterized by initial rapid acceleration and reduction in speed in the later stages, is observed during 100 m and 200 m events; 400 m runners also display positive pacing patterns, which is characterized by a reduction in speed throughout the race. Similarly, 800 m runners typically adopt a positive pacing strategy during paced “meet” races. However, during championship races, depending on the tactical approaches used by dominant athletes, pacing can be either positive or negative (characterized by an increase in speed throughout). A U-shaped pacing strategy (characterized by a faster start and end than during the middle part of the race) is evident during world record performances at meet races in 1500 m, 5000 m, and 10,000 m events. Although a parabolic J-shaped pacing profile (in which the start is faster than the middle part of the race but is slower than the endspurt) can be observed during championship 1500 m races, a negative pacing strategy with microvariations of pace is adopted by 5000 m and 10,000 m runners in championship races. Major cross country and marathon championship races are characterized by a positive pacing strategy; whereas a U-shaped pacing strategy, which is the result of a fast endspurt, is adopted by 3000 m steeplechasers and half marathoners. In contrast, recent world record marathon performances have been characterized by even pacing, which emphasizes the differences between championship and meet races at distances longer than 800 m. Studies reviewed suggest further recommendations for athletes. Throughout the whole race, 800 m runners should avoid running wide on the bends. In turn, during major championship events, 1500 m, 5000 m, and 10,000 m runners should try to run close to the inside of the track as much as possible during the decisive stages of the race when the speed is high. Staying within the leading positions during the last lap is recommended to optimize finishing position during 1500 m and 5000 m major championship races. Athletes with more modest aims than winning a medal at major championships are advised to adopt a realistic pace during the initial stages of long-distance races and stay within a pack of runners. Coaches of elite athletes should take into account the observed difference in pacing profiles adopted in meet races vs. those used in championship races: fast times achieved during races with the help of one or more pacemakers are not necessarily replicated in winner-takes-all championship races, where pace varies substantially. Although existing studies examining pacing characteristics in elite runners through an observational approach provide highly ecologically valid performance data, they provide little information regarding the underpinning mechanisms that explain the behaviors shown. Therefore, further research is needed in order to make a meaningful impact on the discipline. Researchers should design and conduct interventions that enable athletes to carefully choose strategies that are not influenced by poor decisions made by other competitors, allowing these athletes to develop more optimal and successful behaviors. 相似文献
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Joshua P. Bailey Janet S. Dufek Julia Freedman Silvernail James Navalta John Mercer 《Sports biomechanics / International Society of Biomechanics in Sports》2020,19(5):618-632
ABSTRACT During the course of a training programme, runners will typically increase running velocity and volume possibly encountering fatigue during a run, which is characterised as a feeling of general tiredness. The purpose of the current study was to identify whether or not level of perceived fatigue affects coordination and coordination variability in healthy runners during the recovery velocity of an endurance interval run. A total of 20 endurance runners completed a 1-hour run that included running velocity intervals at 75% of estimated 10 k race pace (5 minutes) and estimated 10 k race pace (1 minute). After each run, participants completed a fatigue questionnaire and were grouped based on their post-run self-reported perceived fatigue. 3D motion capture data were collected during the run and analysed to generate coordination patterns and variability of the patterns as dependent variables. Multiple mixed model ANOVAs were conducted to test for differences between perceived fatigue groups. Coordination and variability differences were reported in a number of couplings during transition phases (late and early stance) and events (toe-off and foot contact) of the gait cycle. It was concluded that the level of perceived fatigue affected coordination and coordination variability during the recovery velocity of a 1-hour interval run. 相似文献