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1.
Information and Communication Technologies for Development: The Bottom of the Pyramid Model in Practice 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
The currently influential model for information and communication technologies for development (ICT4D) is based on increasing the well-being of the poor through market-based solutions, and by using low-cost but advanced technologies. Using ethnographic methods, we chart out the contradictions that could arise when such a development-through-entrepreneurship model is implemented. We examine the Akshaya project, a franchise of computer-service kiosks in Kerala, India, which strives simultaneously for social development through access to computers and financial viability through cost recovery and entrepreneurship. We show that tensions within the state and among entrepreneurs and perceptions of public versus private among consumers make it challenging to meet the twin goals of commercial profitability and social development. 相似文献
2.
治理网络视角下新兴技术治理困境和消解因素------来自中国转基因作物治理的经验 《科学学研究》2018,36(11):2019-2029
新兴技术治理无法回避的是如何应对新兴技术的不确定性,而既定的精英决策模式不仅难以应对新兴技术不确定性带来的社会问题,而且制定的新兴技术政策受到了广泛社会公众的强烈质疑和争议。网络制度下,通过多元行动者协商和互动制定的新兴技术政策消减新兴技术不确定性成为新兴技术治理的关键。研究将治理网络理论作为一个经验工具来分析中国转基因作物治理应对不确定性的政策博弈过程,研究结果表明政府、市场、社会公众之间经过协商和互动的治理行动是应对新兴技术不确定性的消解因素。研究启示是新兴技术政策制定需要社会价值前置,是过程导向治理的体现,也是社会公众权利的回归。 相似文献
3.
《Information processing & management》2023,60(2):103219
Misinformation threatens modern society by promoting distrust in science, changing narratives in public health, heightening social polarization, and disrupting democratic elections and financial markets, among a myriad of other societal harms. To address this, a growing cadre of professional fact-checkers and journalists provide high-quality investigations into purported facts. However, these largely manual efforts have struggled to match the enormous scale of the problem. In response, a growing body of Natural Language Processing (NLP) technologies have been proposed for more scalable fact-checking. Despite tremendous growth in such research, however, practical adoption of NLP technologies for fact-checking still remains in its infancy today.In this work, we review the capabilities and limitations of the current NLP technologies for fact-checking. Our particular focus is to further chart the design space for how these technologies can be harnessed and refined in order to better meet the needs of human fact-checkers. To do so, we review key aspects of NLP-based fact-checking: task formulation, dataset construction, modeling, and human-centered strategies, such as explainable models and human-in-the-loop approaches. Next, we review the efficacy of applying NLP-based fact-checking tools to assist human fact-checkers. We recommend that future research include collaboration with fact-checker stakeholders early on in NLP research, as well as incorporation of human-centered design practices in model development, in order to further guide technology development for human use and practical adoption. Finally, we advocate for more research on benchmark development supporting extrinsic evaluation of human-centered fact-checking technologies. 相似文献
4.
农民合作社的治理结构和农业技术创新的异质性特征，决定了合作社的技术创新禀赋独特。本文利用8个典型案例，从合作社的技术获取模式和技术溢出两个维度构建了合作社的技术创新模式：包括草根社会创新、草根商业创新、引进社会创新和引进商业创新。在此基础上，从可持续发展视角，利用三重底线原则，比较每种创新模式的经济绩效、社会绩效和环境绩效，并提出了相应的政策倡导。本文的研究为合作社的技术创新模式选择提供了理论基础和经验借鉴，为政府制定农业技术创新政策提供了重要的指导和借鉴意义。同时将草根创新分为草根商业创新和草根社会创新，进一步深化了草根创新的理论内涵。 相似文献
5.
数字鸿沟的本质解析 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
随着社会信息化的推进,数字鸿沟问题日益凸显,严重影响了和谐社会的构建,要想从根本上弥合数字鸿沟就必须剖析其本质。数字鸿沟本质上是由技术、经济、知识和社会4个层面构成的综合性的差距。在技术层面上,它反映了不同主体在接入新兴信息技术方面存在的差距,是新兴信息技术普及过程中出现的＂技术鸿沟＂;在经济层面上,它反映了国际国内经济不平等和贫富差距在信息时代的延续,是信息时代经济发展进程中出现的＂经济鸿沟＂;在知识层面上,它反映了不同群体使用新兴信息技术获取和利用信息资源方面的差距,是信息主体获取和利用信息资源过程中出现的＂知识鸿沟＂;在社会层面上,它反映了信息社会的阶层分化和社会分化现象,是信息社会不平等导致的＂社会鸿沟＂。Abstract： With the development of social informatization,the digital divide problem figures increasingly prominently and affects the construction of the harmonious society seriously.In order to close the digital divide fundamentally,it＇s necessary to anatomize its essence.Digital divide is essentially a comprehensive gap which consists of factors in the technical,economic,knowledge and social aspects.In technical aspect,it reflects the differences among different agents to get access to new information technologies,and it＇s the ＂technological gap＂ which appears in the popularization process of new information technologies.In economic aspect,it reflects the international and domestic economic inequality and the continuation of polarization of poor and rich in the information age,and it＇s the ＂economic gap＂ which appears in the economic development process in the information age.In knowledge aspect,it reflects the differences among different groups to use new information technologies to obtain and utilize information resources,and is the ＂knowledge gap＂ which appears in the information resources acquisition and utilization process by information agents.In social aspect,it reflects the stratum differentiation and social differentiation in the information society,and is the ＂social gap＂ caused by the inequality of the information society. 相似文献
6.
《普罗米修斯》2012,30(3):251-265
Abstract This article contributes to the emerging theory of industry belief systems and the social construction of innovation by examining how industry actors conceptualise and negotiate industry transformation through the development and diffusion of new technologies. In a qualitative study of innovation in the Australian wool industry, we found that the social construction of industry belief systems and new technologies was an evolutionary process of social sensemaking in which there was reciprocity between individual and collective meaning‐making that reflected conflict, consensus and compliance between industry actors about new technologies and industry beliefs. 相似文献
7.
Architectures of genetic medicine: comparing genetic testing for breast cancer in the USA and the UK
Parthasarathy S 《Social studies of science》2005,35(1):5-40
This paper compares the development of genetic testing for breast cancer (BRCA testing) in the USA and the UK. It argues that national political cultures played an important role in how these genetic testing technologies were shaped, and that the shapes of these technologies had important implications for the users of these systems. In order to demonstrate the roles of national social and political elements in the development of new genetic testing technologies, I introduce the concept of a technology's architecture, which is made up of components and the specific ways in which these components are assembled to fulfill particular functions. In the USA, four very different BRCA testing systems initially emerged. However, one biotechnology company, Myriad Genetics, eventually used its legal and economic position to become the sole provider of testing. It offered BRCA testing the way many other laboratory tests were provided in the USA, available to anyone through any physician. The shape of this testing service had important implications for its participants, defining the client as a consumer who could demand access to any of Myriad's laboratory services, but could not choose among testing systems. In the UK, the government-run National Health Service provided testing through regional genetics clinics, using family history information to assess risk and triage care. Clients in the UK were defined as citizens and patients, who had the right to equal access to the testing system but could not demand any specific services. 相似文献
8.
新的资源节约型技术在农户群体中的扩散是中国农业转向可持续性发展的关键,具备有限知识的农户在采纳资源节约型技术过程中势必受到其社会网络的重要影响。本文基于有限知识农户的假设,从理论上探讨了社会网络在不同维度对农户采用新的资源节约型技术的影响,以及农户技术认知在社会网络与农户技术采纳决策两者关联之间可能的中介作用;然后,以水肥一体化技术（DFS）为例,利用2019年广东、海南和云南3省632户香蕉种植农户调查数据,构建中介效应检验模型,实证分析农户社会网络、技术认知与DFS技术采纳决策之间的作用逻辑。研究表明：农户社会网络与技术认知可以显著促进农户在生产过程采纳资源节约型技术;且农户的社会网络可以弱化农户在新型技术上的认知差异,从而可能形成新的关于技术的群体认知,加强农户对资源节约型技术的采纳。具体地,社会网络的“倾向”和“互惠”可以改善农户关于技术转换梯度和技术认知嵌入度的感知,从而影响农户对资源节约型技术的采纳决策,而社会网络“范畴”会直接影响农户资源节约型技术的采纳决策,且这种影响在不同地区存在一定程度的异质性。 相似文献
9.
在理论研究基础上,构建了创始人前摄性特质、社会网络与企业创新绩效之间的关系理论模型,运用多元回归分析方法,并通过对148份创新型企业问卷调查数据进行实证研究,探讨了社会网络对创新绩效的影响关系,以及社会网络在二者之间的中介作用机理。结果表明：社会网络均对创新绩效有显著正影响,且社会网络在前摄性与创新绩效之间起部分中介作用。此结论深化了对创始人前摄性特质、社会网络和创新绩效三者关系的理解,为企业在网络化发展模式中如何培养塑造创始人特质提供了理论参考。 相似文献
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11.
Research on sustainable entrepreneurship increasingly recognizes the transformative potential of digital technologies to mitigate and counteract grand environmental and social challenges through entrepreneurial action. However, this emerging field of research, referred to as digital sustainable entrepreneurship, is currently dispersed and fragmented and lacks the consolidated foundation to progress further. This article further establishes this nascent stream by conducting a systematic literature review offering two main contributions. First, common themes are derived from the literature (i.e., enabling value for society and environment, stakeholder inclusion, venture viability, and entrepreneurial individuals) to unravel the field's current state. Second, previous work is discussed and integrated by applying a business model perspective. Specifically, the article offers a framework that contributes to the role of business models for merging sustainability and digital technologies, reconceptualizes digital technologies as business model actors, and further develops the entrepreneur-business model nexus. Based on this, we present a comprehensive and actionable research agenda and practical implications. 相似文献
12.
Despite significant business opportunities made possible through advancements in technology, readily available digital technologies are often overlooked and not used by new ventures. To address this knowledge gap, this paper looks at the relationships between readily available digital technologies and born-digital new venture capabilities. We use an affordance lens to explore conditions in which born-digital new ventures interact with digital technologies to actualize digital affordances that facilitate the development of important capabilities. First, using the existing literature, we present a research model and its key elements. Then, using data on new ventures in a Canadian university incubator, we conduct fuzzy-set qualitative comparative analysis (fsQCA) and develop seven configurational research propositions as pathways to develop information technology-enabled organizational capabilities in new ventures. Using this retroductive approach, this research builds a context-specific middle-range theory that explains complex interactions between readily available digital technologies and new venture characteristics, where resources are provided by incubators in dynamic environments, to facilitate the development of ITOCs in the new ventures. We close by describing the study’s theoretical and practical implications. 相似文献
13.
Industrial districts as local networks of small and medium enterprises (SMEs) rooted their competitiveness in a mix of economic relationships and social ties. Recently, network technologies have promised gains of efficiency through a reduction in transaction costs and showed new commercial opportunities for small firms. Despite the morphological similarities between industrial districts and network technologies, a longitudinal analysis of ICT diffusion within Italian districts shows that the foreseen convergence between the district economic model and new technologies should not be taken for granted. The observed specific evolutionary paths concerning technology innovation in local systems also opens-up issues of economic policy. 相似文献
14.
Crowther-Heyck H 《Isis; an international review devoted to the history of science and its cultural influences》2006,97(3):420-446
This essay argues that shifts in patronage for the postwar behavioral and social sciences were linked intimately to both intellectual and institutional changes. This broad argument comprises two subarguments: first, that there were in fact two distinct, successive patronage systems for postwar social science--not one, as is commonly assumed; and, second, that the first postwar patronage system played a major role in enabling a series of behavioral revolutions and interdisciplinary syntheses across the social sciences, while the second postwar patronage system encouraged the development of specialized concepts, techniques, and technologies within the disciplines. The essay also suggests that the widespread concern among social scientists in the 1970s and 1980s that their fields were fragmenting was at least in part an unintended consequence of the rise of the second system. 相似文献
15.
This paper has two core purposes. First, building on Nelson and Sampat's work, we outline the social technology conceptual framework and explain why we favour using it to explore two global health initiatives. Second, we discuss the evolution of those initiatives through the lens of the interaction between social technologies, physical technologies and general institutions. Thus we reflect both on evolving conceptual landscapes on the one hand and organisational and institutional terrains on the other.The first section of the paper presents an intellectual journey and outlines our understanding and adoption of the social technology conceptual framework. This framework we argue has a number of advantages over alternative theoretical approaches and perspectives. The second section describes the context in which product development partnerships (PDPs), a type of global health initiative based on a public–private partnership (PPP), have arisen. The third section develops case studies of the International AIDS Vaccine Initiative (IAVI) and the Malaria Vaccines Initiative (MVI) as social technology experiments and looks at the complex dynamics between organisation, management, scientific and R&D success and general institutional environments. We look at these social technologies as having ‘integrator’ and ‘broker’ roles; classifications which we argue are useful in analysing the different roles taken on by these PDPs. In the conclusion we reflect on the useful ways in which the concept of social technologies can shed light on complex and networked initiatives. 相似文献
16.
基于“集体实验”的新兴技术治理研究 《科学学研究》2022,40(3):385-392
社会治理需要技术创新的赋能，但技术创新风险的“时滞效应”又是社会治理的对象，这导致现代技术创新与技术治理在逻辑与实践上有了内在的协同性和反身性，即新兴技术的创新发展离不开适应性治理体系的同步建构。因此，科学实验向真实世界的经验延伸带来的治理困境，要求公众与专家的集体参与，通过探索性实践来直面不确定性，这就有了“集体实验”这一协同式的创新-治理模式。基于STS的视域和互构论的角度，集体实验现象的产生可以得到系统阐述，进而得以概念化，并对作为新兴治理模式的集体实验的实践路径做出规范性说明，以期对“作为真实世界实验的技术发展”这一新兴的STS主题进行拓展。 相似文献
17.
跨语言文本分类技术研究进展 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
本文以综述的形式对跨语言文本分类技术目前的发展态势进行了介绍,从应用背景出发,了解跨语言文本分类技术的社会需求;从关键技术出发,了解该项技术的核心问题及解决方案;从已有研究成果得到的结论揭示了该项技术的发展状况,作为一种重要的多语信息组织手段,跨语言文本分类技术发展前景广阔。Abstract： The present development situation of Cross-Language Text Categorization （CLTC） technologies is summarized.The paper describes the social demand for CLTC technologies from the perspective of the application background,describes the core issues of and solutions to CLTC technologies from the perspective of key technologies,and discloses the development status of CLTC technologies from the conclusions drawn from the obtained research results.As an important means for multilingual information organization,CLTC technologies have a broad development prospect. 相似文献
18.
社会化媒体技术的快速发展及其与电子商务的融合,产生了社会化商务。但很多社会化商务平台面临用户活跃度低、客户流失严重等问题,这将影响平台的持续运营和发展。基于SOR（刺激-组织-响应）模型,研究了社会化商务用户行为机理。对收集的340份有效问卷采用结构方程模型分析,考察了影响用户使用和分享行为的因素。结果表明,情感支持、信息支持、服务质量显著影响虚拟社区感,进而影响用户的使用和分享行为。因此,社会化商务平台需要关注社区中的在线社会支持和服务质量,从而促进用户使用和分享行为,确保社会化商务的成功实施。 相似文献
19.
随着党的二十大以后我国进入新发展时代,数智技术的快速发展和广泛应用激活了新一轮经济发展潜力,也给经济社会发展带来了新的安全挑战。文章首先分析了国际与国内新形势下新发展格局的特点,剖析了新发展格局下数智安全风险挑战,涉及微观层面的技术安全、个人安全,以及宏观层面的经济安全、社会安全、文化安全。在此基础之上,文章提出了构建数智安全新格局的基本方法论,给出了一个涵盖数智技术自身安全、保障数智安全的数智技术、数智安全法律法规和政策3个方面数智安全新格局的基本架构。最后,文章探讨了数智安全新格局和新发展格局之间的辩证与螺旋式协同演进关系,为在新的时代保证经济社会的康持续发展提供指导。 相似文献
20.
David J. Teece 《Research Policy》2018,47(8):1367-1387
The value-capture problem for innovators in the digital economy involves some different challenges from those in the industrial economy. It inevitably requires understanding the dynamics of platforms and ecosystems. These challenges are amplified for enabling technologies, which are the central focus of this article. The innovator of an enabling technology has a special business model challenge because the applicability to many downstream verticals forecloses, as a practical matter, ownership of all the relevant complements. Complementary assets (vertical and lateral) in the digital context are no longer just potential value-capture mechanisms (through asset price appreciation or through preventing exposure to monopolistic bottleneck pricing by others); they may well be needed simply for the technology to function. Technological and innovational complementors present both coordination and market design challenges to the innovator that generally lead to market failure in the form of an excess of social over private returns. The low private return leads to socially sub-optimal underinvestment in future R&D that can be addressed to some extent by better strategic decision-making by the innovator and/or by far-sighted policies from government and the judiciary.The default value-capture mechanism for many enabling technologies is the licensing of trade secrets and/or patents. Licensing is shown to be a difficult business model to implement from a value-capture perspective. When injunctions for intellectual property infringement are hard to win, or even to be considered, the incentives for free riding by potential licensees are considerable. Licensing is further complicated if it involves standard essential patents, as both courts and policy makers may fail to understand that development of a standard involves components of both interoperability and technology development. If a technology standard is not treated as the embodiment of significant R&D efforts enabling substantial new downstream economic activity, then rewards are likely to be calibrated too low to support appropriate levels of future innovation. 相似文献