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美国科学家近日宣称,地球内部可能存在着一个水量相当于地表海洋总水量3倍的“隐藏的海洋”.这一发现也许有助于解释地球上海洋的水从何而来.美国新墨西哥大学和西北大学的研究人员表示,这一“隐藏的海洋”位于地球内部410公里至660公里深处的上下地幔过渡带,水分并不是人们熟悉的液态、气态或固态,而是以水分子形式存在于一种名为林伍德石的蓝色岩石中. 相似文献
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利用ISC报告中 1 70 5 5 0条P波到时资料 (地震数为 1 2 5 0 0 ,台站数为 92 8个 ,且地震和台站都分布在研究区内 ) ,对东亚及西太平洋边缘海 ( 60°E～ 1 5 0°E ,1 0°S～ 60°N)的深至 30 0km的地壳上地幔三维速度结构进行了研究 ,分辨率达 2°× 2°.初步结果表明 :( 1 )在研究区域内东西两部分的岩石圈与上地幔低速带的结构有非常明显的差异 .横向上大体以 1 0 8°E为界 ,纵向上以 90km深度为界 ,东部与西部P波速度结构差异较大 .西部是岩石圈汇聚增厚区 ,东部是岩石圈拉张减薄区 .西部上地幔低速带不发育 ,东部低速带比西部厚 .( 2 )青藏高原地壳岩石圈巨厚 ,上地幔低速带不明显 .印度次大陆岩石圈板片以低角度下插到青藏高原之下 .( 3)日本海和菲律宾海地壳之下有高速体 ,可能是太平洋板块向东俯冲产生的 . 相似文献
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克拉玛依白碱滩尖晶石二辉橄榄岩主要由橄榄石、单斜辉石、斜方辉石和尖晶石组成,橄榄石和斜方辉石均发生程度不等的蛇纹石化.单斜辉石一般很新鲜.单斜辉石和斜方辉石均发育出溶结构,出溶条纹或者平直或者发生舒缓的弯曲变形（即便是在发生弯曲的情况下也是完全平行的）.透辉石-普通辉石出溶体一般呈针状（直径一般为1μm,长度＞150μm）,顽火辉石出溶条纹直径一般为1～3μm（长度＞300μm）.斜方辉石主晶属于顽火辉石-易变辉石,单斜辉石主晶为透辉石（成分很均一）.地质温度压力估算表明,白碱滩二辉橄榄岩中辉石出溶结构发生的温度为700℃～1000℃、压力为2.0～2.7GPa,它们代表辉石出溶结构形成的最低PT条件.白碱滩二辉橄榄岩至少经历了三个演化阶段：原始辉石与尖晶石和橄榄石平衡共生（阶段Ⅰ,＞94km）;随着地幔上隆,原始辉石结构不稳定,分解并形成出溶结构（阶段Ⅱ,700℃～1000℃）,斜方辉石开始分解的深度为94km,单斜辉石开始分解的深度为78km;之后,蛇绿岩经历的侵位事件导致辉石发生塑性变形（阶段Ⅲ）.蛇绿岩侵位之前,地幔岩曾发生了＞50km的隆升,而且,在隆升过程中地幔岩没有发生明显部分熔融（地幔岩因此没有经历明显的岩浆抽提过程）. 相似文献
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运用传统的绝对地震定位方法,结合波形互相关技术的相对定位方法(双差地震定位法),对华北地区(110°~120°E,35°~42°N)1993—2004和2007—2012年间发生的17 315次地震进行地震重定位研究.经过两次定位后得到11 453个地震的震源参数,重定位后震中分布形态更加清晰,向活动断裂两侧收缩,与区域构造呈现出更加密切的关系.重定位后的地震震源深度主要集中在3~18 km范围内,约占地震总数的88%,表明华北地区的发震层主要位于中上地壳.约有97.6%的地震震源深度分布在0~23 km,由此推测华北地区地震活动的下界面约为23 km.新河地区地震重定位后震中位置清晰地呈现出NNE向条带状分布,与新河断裂的走向一致,在垂直于新河断裂走向的剖面上,地震震源呈现上陡下缓的"铲状"形态.在唐山地区地震重定位后地震分布表现为唐山、滦县和迁安3个震群,在唐山断裂北段呈现出2条明显的断层,东边断层比西边略深. 相似文献
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接收函数近邻反演方法的改进和对海拉尔台下地壳速度结构的研究 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
数值试验结果指出 ,用接收函数反演地壳速度结构时 ,在正演和反演过程中使用不匹配的地壳模型参数化方式 ,将对结果产生不良影响 ;同时发现 ,在处理实际资料时将接收函数归一化 ,可能会丢弃介质信息 .在此基础上 ,改进了接收函数和近邻算法反演地壳速度结构的程序 ,并用来反演了海拉尔台下的地壳速度结构 . 相似文献
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采用"铆钉法"制备了含有Fe/Ni、Fe/Ti和Ti/Ni两相界面,以及Fe/Ni/Ti三相界面的扩散偶.利用光学显微镜对扩散偶界面区域进行观察分析.结果显示,固相扩散促使两界面处生成扩散层.Fe/Ni/Ti三相界面处不生成三元金属问化合物. 相似文献
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吴忠良 《中国科学院研究生院学报》2005,22(3):279-285
利用1987年1月至2001年12月的哈佛CMT目录和美国NEIC地震辐射能量目录,研究了全球范围内震源深度大于70km的地震的辐射能量与地震矩之比(或称折合能量)随地震矩的变化及其与震源深度之间的关系.结果表明对震源深度为70～400km的地震,折合能量随地震矩的增加而降低;对于深度大于400km的地震,折合能量随地震矩的增加而增加.这一特征与浅源地震似乎很不相同. 相似文献
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1971-2012 年青藏高原及周边地区气温变化特征及其海拔敏感性分析 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
海拔敏感性是当前全球气候变化研究的热点之一,青藏高原作为“世界屋脊”,探讨该区域气候变暖与海拔的关系对全球气候变化研究具有重要的参考意义。本文基于1971-2012年青藏高原及周边地区123个气象站的月平均气温数据,采用Mann-Kendall（M-K）趋势分析和突变检验、滑动t检验等方法分析了该地区气温变化的时空分布及其与海拔的关系。结果表明：①1971-2012年研究区年、四季、最热月和最冷月均温均呈现显著上升趋势,但增温幅度空间差异明显,具体表现为中、东部和东北部高,东南部低的态势;②除春季外,研究区增温幅度总体呈现随海拔上升而增加的趋势,且该趋势在青藏高原主体范围内尤为明显,但在不同海拔梯度内存在显著差异,其中海拔2 000~3 000m内增温对海拔的敏感性最强,海拔3 000~4 000m次之,而在海拔4 000m以上区域,增温幅度随海拔增加呈现下降趋势;③年均温的突变年份与海拔存在明显的线性关系,具体表现为：海拔每升高1 000m,突变年份推迟1.1~1.2年（p=0.001）;④青藏高原年均温变化趋势及其海拔敏感性对研究时段起、止年份的选取较为敏感。 相似文献
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Tao Su Robert A Spicer Shi-Hu Li He Xu Jian Huang Sarah Sherlock Yong-Jiang Huang Shu-Feng Li Li Wang Lin-Bo Jia Wei-Yu-Dong Deng Jia Liu Cheng-Long Deng Shi-Tao Zhang Paul J Valdes Zhe-Kun Zhou 《国家科学评论(英文版)》2019,6(3):495
The uplift history of south-eastern Tibet is crucial to understanding processes driving the tectonic evolution of the Tibetan Plateau and surrounding areas. Underpinning existing palaeoaltimetric studies has been regional mapping based in large part on biostratigraphy that assumes a Neogene modernization of the highly diverse, but threatened, Asian biota. Here, with new radiometric dating and newly collected plant-fossil archives, we quantify the surface height of part of the south-eastern margin of Tibet in the latest Eocene (∼34 Ma) to be ∼3 km and rising, possibly attaining its present elevation (3.9 km) in the early Oligocene. We also find that the Eocene–Oligocene transition in south-eastern Tibet witnessed leaf-size diminution and a floral composition change from sub-tropical/warm temperate to cool temperate, likely reflective of both uplift and secular climate change, and that, by the latest Eocene, floral modernization on Tibet had already taken place, implying modernization was deeply rooted in the Palaeogene. 相似文献
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基于创新过程技术间断性,把技术创新失败分为工艺创新问题、结构创新问题和核心技术创新问题,利用来自国内362个企业的样本分析工艺创新间断、结构创新间断和核心技术创新间断对创新失败的影响。结果表明,工艺创新间断、结构创新间断和核心技术创新间断对创新失败有显著影响,它们是造成技术创新失败的主要因素;在影响程度上,三类技术间断对创新失败的影响存在差异。 相似文献
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在全球变化影响下,我国西藏高原的生态环境问题日益突出,严重影响了其生态安全屏障作用,制约了西藏农牧业的可持续发展。中科院拉萨高原生态试验站自建站以来对区域生态环境进行了长期监测,开展了高原生态安全屏障功能保护与建设基础理论研究、退化草地恢复治理及农牧业发展关键技术研发和示范。在学科建设方面发展了一系列高原生态学研究的新方法,建立了高原生态过程、机理与区域格局相结合的研究局面;在技术研发方面提出了高寒退化草地恢复治理和高原草牧业发展的关键技术,并进行了广泛的示范和推广,取得了显著成效。这些科研成果不仅丰富和发展了全球变化影响西藏高原生态屏障功能的基础理论,还推进了高原农牧业发展关键技术的研发和示范。拉萨站已经成为在青藏高原腹地从事生态学研究的支撑平台和农牧业可持续发展试验示范的重要基地。 相似文献
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用皮尔逊检验分析年度地震趋势预测结果 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
使用皮尔逊检验方法 ,考虑不同地区的地震活动背景概率和地震及前兆监测能力的差异 ,除去监测能力很低的青藏高原地区 ,将中国大陆地区分成东部、西部、川滇等 3个区域 ,分别进行年度地震趋势预测效果的检验 .所得结果具有不同的特点 ,其中东部地区的概率增益和皮尔逊检验的置信水平明显高于另外 2个地区 ,表明在现有的年度地震趋势预测中 ,对地震活动性的认识仍占有相当重要的地位 . 相似文献
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Michael J Walter 《国家科学评论(英文版)》2021,8(4)
Water is transported to Earth''s interior in lithospheric slabs at subduction zones. Shallow dehydration fuels hydrous island arc magmatism but some water is transported deeper in cool slab mantle. Further dehydration at ∼700 km may limit deeper transport but hydrated phases in slab crust have considerable capacity for transporting water to the core-mantle boundary. Quantifying how much remains the challenge.Water can have remarkable effects when exposed to rocks at high pressures and temperatures. It can form new minerals with unique properties and often profoundly affects the physical, transport and rheological properties of nominally anhydrous mantle minerals. It has the ability to drastically reduce the melting point of mantle rocks to produce inviscid and reactive melts, often with extreme chemical flavors, and these melts can alter surrounding mantle with potential long-term geochemical consequences. At the base of the mantle, water can react with core iron to produce a super-oxidized and hydrated phase, FeO2Hx, with the potential to profoundly alter the mantle and even the surface and atmosphere redox state, but only if enough water can reach such depths [1].Current estimates for bulk mantle water content based on the average H2O/Ce ratio of oceanic basalts from melt inclusions and the most un-degassed basalts, coupled with mass balance constraints for Ce, indicate a fraction under one ocean mass [2], a robust estimate as long as the basalts sampled at the surface tap all mantle reservoirs. The mantle likely contains some primordial water but given that the post-accretion Earth was very hot, water has low solubility and readily degasses from magma at low pressures, and its solubility in crystallizing liquidus minerals is also very low, the mantle just after accretion may have been relatively dry. Thus, it is plausible that most or even all of the water in the current mantle is ‘recycled’, added primarily by subduction of hydrated lithospheric plates. If transport of water to the core–mantle boundary is an important geological process with planet-scale implications, then surface water incorporated into subducting slabs and transported to the core–mantle boundary may be a requirement.Water is added to the basaltic oceanic crust and peridotitic mantle in lithospheric plates (hereafter, slab crust and slab mantle, respectively) at mid-ocean ridges, at transform faults, and in bending faults formed at the outer rise prior to subduction [3]. Estimates vary but about 1 × 1012 kg of water is currently subducted each year into the mantle [4], and at this rate roughly 2–3 ocean masses could have been added to the mantle since subduction began. However, much of this water is returned to the surface through hydrous magmatism at convergent margins, which itself is a response to slab dehydration in an initial, and large, release of water. Meta-basalt and meta-sediments comprising the slab crust lose their water very efficiently beneath the volcanic front because most slab crust geotherms cross mineral dehydration or melting reactions at depths of less than 150 km, and even if some water remains stored in minerals like lawsonite in cooler slabs, nearly complete dehydration is expected by ∼300 km [5].Peridotitic slab mantle may have much greater potential to deliver water deeper into the interior. As shown in Fig. 1a, an initial pulse of dehydration of slab mantle occurs at depths less than ∼200 km in warmer slabs, controlled primarily by breakdown of chlorite and antigorite when slab-therms cross a deep ‘trough’, sometimes referred to as a ‘choke point’, along the dehydration curve (Fig. 1a) [6]. But the slab mantle in cooler subduction zones can skirt beneath the dehydration reactions, and antigorite can transform directly to the hydrated alphabet silicate phases (Phases A, E, superhydrous B, D), delivering perhaps as much as 5 wt% water in locally hydrated regions (e.g. deep faults and fractures in the lithosphere) to transition zone depths [6]. Estimates based on mineral phase relations in the slab crust and the slab mantle coupled with subduction zone thermal models suggest that as much as 30% of subducted water may have been transported past the sub-volcanic dehydration front and into the deeper mantle [4], although this depends on the depth and extent of deep hydration of the slab mantle, which is poorly constrained. Coincidentally, this also amounts to about one ocean mass if water subduction rates have been roughly constant since subduction began, a figure tantalizingly close to the estimated mantle water content based on geochemical arguments [2]. But what is the likely fate of water in the slab mantle in the transition zone and beyond?Open in a separate windowFigure 1.(a) Schematic phase relations in meta-peridotite modified after [6,10,12]. Slab geotherms are after those in [4]. Cold slabs may transport as much as 5 wt% water past ‘choke point 1’ in locally hydrated regions of the slab mantle, whereas slab mantle is dehydrated in warmer slabs. Colder slab mantle that can transport water into the transition zone will undergo dehydration at ‘choke point 2’. How much water can be transported deeper into the mantle and potentially to the core depends on the dynamics of fluid/melt segregation in this region. (b) Schematic showing dehydration in the slab mantle at choke point 2. Migration of fluids within slab mantle will result in water dissolving into bridgmanite and other nominally anhydrous phases with a bulk storage capacity of ∼0.1 wt%, potentially accommodating much or all of the released water. Migration of fluids out of the slab into ambient mantle would also hydrate bridgmanite and other phases and result in net fluid loss from the slab. Conversely, migration of hydrous fluids into the crust could result in extensive hydration of meta-basalt with water accommodated first in nominally anhydrous phases like bridgmanite, Ca-perovskite and NAL phase, but especially in dense SiO2 phases (stishovite and CaCl2-type) that can host at least 3 wt% water (∼0.6 wt% in bulk crust).Lithospheric slabs are expected to slow down and deform in the transition zone due to the interplay among the many factors affecting buoyancy and plate rheology, potentially trapping slabs before they descend into the lower mantle [7]. If colder, water-bearing slabs heat up by as little as a few hundred degrees in the transition zone, hydrous phases in the slab mantle will break down to wadsleyite or ringwoodite-bearing assemblages, and a hydrous fluid (Fig. 1a). Wadselyite and ringwoodite can themselves accommodate significant amounts of water and so hydrated portions of the slab mantle would retain ∼1 wt% water. A hydrous ringwoodite inclusion in a sublithospheric diamond with ∼1.5 wt% H2O may provide direct evidence for this process [8].But no matter if slabs heat up or not in the transition zone, as they penetrate into the lower mantle phase D, superhydrous phase B or ringwoodite in the slab mantle will dehydrate at ∼700–800 km due to another deep trough, or second ‘choke point’, transforming into an assemblage of nominally anhydrous minerals dominated by bridgmanite (∼75 wt%) with, relatively, a much lower bulk water storage capacity (< ∼0.1 wt%) [9] (Fig. 1a). Water released from the slab mantle should lead to melting at the top of the lower mantle [10], and indeed, low shear-wave velocity anomalies at ∼700–800 km below North America may be capturing such dehydration melting in real time [11].The fate of the hydrous fluids/melts released from the slab in the deep transition zone and shallow lower mantle determines how much water slabs can carry deeper into the lower mantle. Presumably water is released from regions of the slab mantle where it was originally deposited, like the fractures and faults that formed in the slab near the surface [3]. If hydrous melts can migrate into surrounding water-undersaturated peridotite within the slab, then water should dissolve into bridgmanite and coexisting nominally anhydrous phases (Ca-perovskite and ferropericlase) until they are saturated (Fig. 1b). And because bridgmanite (water capacity ∼0.1 wt%) dominates the phase assemblage, the slab mantle can potentially accommodate much or all of the released water depending on details of how the hydrous fluids migrate, react and disperse. If released water is simply re-dissolved into the slab mantle in this way then it could be transported deeper into the mantle mainly in bridgmanite, possibly to the core–mantle boundary. Water solubility in bridgmanite throughout the mantle pressure-temperature range is not known, so whether water would partially exsolve as the slab moves deeper stabilizing a melt or another hydrous phase, or remains stable in bridgmanite as a dispersed, minor component, remains to be discovered.Another possibility is that the hydrous fluids/melts produced at the second choke point in the slab mantle at ∼700 km migrate out of the slab mantle, perhaps along the pre-existing fractures and faults where bridgmanite-rich mantle should already be saturated, and into either oceanic crust or ambient mantle (Fig. 1b). If the hydrous melts move into ambient mantle, water would be consumed by water-undersaturated bridgmanite, leading to net loss of water from the slab to the upper part of the lower mantle, perhaps severely diminishing the slab’s capacity to transport water to the deeper mantle and core. But what if the water released from slab mantle migrates into the subducting, previously dehydrated, slab crust?Although slab crust is expected to be largely dehydrated in the upper mantle, changes in its mineralogy at higher pressures gives it the potential to host and carry significant quantities of water to the core–mantle boundary. Studies have identified a number of hydrous phases with CaCl2-type structures, including δ-AlOOH, ϵ-FeOOH and MgSiO2(OH)2 (phase H), that can potentially stabilize in the slab crust in the transition zone or lower mantle. Indeed, these phases likely form extensive solid solutions such that an iron-bearing, alumina-rich, δ-H solid solution should stabilize at ∼50 GPa in the slab crust [12], but only after the nominally anhydrous phases in the crust, (aluminous bridgmanite, stishovite, Ca-perovskite and NAL phase) saturate in water. Once formed, the δ-H solid solution in the slab crust may remain stable all the way to the core mantle boundary if the slab temperature remains well below the mantle geotherm otherwise a hydrous melt may form instead [12] (Fig. 1a). But phase δ-H solid solution and the other potential hydrated oxide phases, intriguing as they are as potential hosts for water, may not be the likely primary host for water in slab crust. Recent studies suggest a new potential host for water—stishovite and post-stishovite dense SiO2 phases [13,14].SiO2 minerals make up about a fifth of the slab crust by weight in the transition zone and lower mantle [15] and recent experiments indicate that the dense SiO2 phases, stishovite (rutile structure—very similar to CaCl2 structure) and CaCl2-type SiO2, structures that are akin to phase H and other hydrated oxides, can host at least 3 wt% water, which is much more than previously considered. More importantly, these dense SiO2 phases apparently remain stable and hydrated even at temperatures as high as the lower mantle geotherm, unlike other hydrous phases [13,14]. And as a major mineral in the slab crust, SiO2 phases would have to saturate with water first before other hydrous phases, like δ-H solid solution, would stabilize. If the hydrous melts released from the slab mantle in the transition zone or lower mantle migrate into slab crust the water would dissolve into the undersaturated dense SiO2 phase (Fig. 1b). Thus, hydrated dense SiO2 phases are possibly the best candidate hosts for water transport in slab crust all the way to the core mantle boundary due to their high water storage capacity, high modal abundance and high-pressure-temperature stability.Once a slab makes it to the core–mantle boundary region, water held in the slab crust or the slab mantle may be released due to the high geothermal gradient. Heating of slabs at the core–mantle boundary, where temperatures may exceed 3000°C, may ultimately dehydrate SiO2 phases in the slab crust or bridgmanite (or δ-H) in the slab mantle, with released water initiating melting in the mantle and/or reaction with the core to form hydrated iron metal and super oxides, phases that may potentially explain ultra-low seismic velocities in this region [1,10]. How much water can be released in this region from subducted lithosphere remains a question that is hard to quantify and depends on dynamic processes of dehydration and rehydration in the shallower mantle, specifically at the two ‘choke points’ in the slab mantle, processes that are as yet poorly understood. What is clear is that subducting slabs have the capacity to carry surface water all the way to the core in a number of phases, and possibly in a phase that has previously seemed quite unlikely, dense SiO2. 相似文献
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生态安全屏障建设和促进农牧民持续增收是西藏高原可持续发展过程中面临的两方面重大需求。文章根据西藏地域分异的特点,对藏北地区草地面临的主要生态问题以及高原地区农牧民面临的增收困境进行了分析,提出了农区和牧区互动耦合的区域发展对策。即利用西藏"一江两河"河谷农区丰富的水热和土地条件,建设草产品和饲料基地,实施"南草北上"工程,对藏北地区的牲畜进行季节性补饲,缓解草畜矛盾,遏止草地退化,不仅可以改善藏北草地的生态环境,同时还可以增加农牧民的收入,从而实现西藏高原生态环境保护和农牧民收入增加的双赢。 相似文献