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1.
基于径流模拟的汉江上游区水资源对气候变化响应的研究 总被引：25，自引：4，他引：25
本文简要介绍了基于水文过程的、具有较强物理机制的流域分布式水文模型SWAT.然后由遥感和地理信息系统手段得到流域的土壤类型与植被覆盖及雨量气象站点分布图,通过改进的SWAT气象模拟器模拟出缺乏实测的日气象资料,再结合实测的降雨资料作为SWAT模型的输入,对两河口流域1981年～1985年进行年月径流模拟,并利用汉江上游地区两河口流域1981年～1985年5年间的年、月径流量实测资料,以月径流模拟的N-S模型效率系数为主要指标,对SWAT模型中3个最敏感参数ESCO、AWC和CN2进行敏感性分析,进而率定出使得月模拟效果最佳的参数值或参数变化值.参数率定后月径流模拟N-S模型效率系数达0.913,对数误差为0.339,峰值误差为-0.083.在5年准确月径流模拟基础上,以全球变化背景可能出现的25种不同气候变化模式为假设条件,研究了该流域径流及实际蒸发的响应,分析指出汉江流域降水的变化对水资源的影响要大于气温的变化对水资源的影响,降水增加或气温降低都会导致径流增加,而降水增加或气温增加都会导致实际蒸发的增加. 相似文献
2.
非点源污染是现代环境科学研究的热点之一,SWAT模型作为一种分布式流域尺度水文模型,能有效模拟土壤侵蚀和水土流失,地表水和地下水污染情况,进行水资源评价和管理等,是进行非点源污染模拟的有效工具。本文在参阅前人文献的基础上,就SWAT模型进行非点源污染模拟的机理,以及模型在国内外的应用情况和取得的成果进行了一些简单的介绍。 相似文献
3.
基于SWAT的平原圩区受控水文过程识别和模拟 总被引：4，自引：1，他引：3
平原圩区地势平坦,水系结构复杂,汇流和排水过程受到农业水利工程的影响,仅基于DEM提取流域的方法难以使SWAT模型正确识别圩区汇水关系.在充分调查分析平原圩区水文过程的基础上,提出了改进SWAT模型子流域概化方法:①采用分区多出口模拟、水库控制出流等方法以识别平原圩区复杂、受控的水文过程;②基于主要地物要素对原始DEM进行修正,并通过河道结构合理化修正以处理河道分汊和网状河流汇流关系.江西省赣江下游典型平原圩区蒋巷联圩实例研究表明,应用上述强化子流域提取方法,能够使SWAT模型较好地对平原圩区复杂、受控的水文过程进行识别和模拟,水量模拟相关系数和效率系数均达到0.8以上.通过对比自然出流和受控出流的模拟结果和出流特征,表明SWAT模型能够较好地识别平原圩区内电排站对径流的调蓄和截留作用. 相似文献
4.
本文通过对水土保持林草措施对流域尺度土壤侵蚀的影响的研究结果和研究方法进行对比,发现植物根系通过影响土壤的抗蚀性,从而影响土壤流失量进而对林草措施的评价产生影响,其主要原因是是缺乏相应的研究数学模型,建议结合现有SWAT模型,通过定量分析根系形态指标,进而定量描述土壤可蚀性因子,完善SWAT模型在模拟流域径流过程中,缺乏的土壤可蚀性因子模拟程序,从而为正确评价水土保持林草措施,对保护流域、河流、农业、生态安全而服务。 相似文献
5.
大沽河典型小流域非点源污染模拟 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
流域水质管理是一个多步骤的过程,数学模型以其定量计算和动态操作在流域管理中起着重要作用。本文利用美国农业部开发的AnnAGNPS模型,以大沽河典型小流域为例,给出非点源污染流域水文水质模拟过程。首先在察水单元和沟道勾划的基础上,完成数据库的建立。参数估值主要依据流域性质、先前经验值、其它模拟研究和文献中的取值。其次采用各小流域出口流量、泥沙和总氮实测值优化参数、校准和验证模型,分析模型在研究区的适用性。在大沽河小流域,模型对降雨场次地表径流、泥沙及总氮的模拟结果表现出了很大的不确定性,而相应的年均负荷估算结果较好。当前AnnAGNPS模型主要被用于评价流域非点源污染的长期影响及最佳管理措施的选择,以上精度足矣。最后利用校准后的模型进行小流域污染负荷估算和管理措施模拟。结果表明为了达到同时削减径流、沉积物及总氮的输出量,在大沽河上游应采取退耕还林的措施,治理非点源污染。 相似文献
6.
工农业对河流的污染是造成水生态环境恶化的诱因,加上人们对治水理念的偏差,致使小流域河流面临着严峻的问题。在主成分分析方法适合分析情况下,以特征值大于1,贡献率大于80%为标准,利用最大方差法旋转因子,从14项水质污染指标中提取出4个主成分,通过这4个主成分可知,影响小流域河流水质污染的主要特征是氯化物、硫酸盐、总磷、氨氮和硝酸盐氮等指标。实验结果证明,通过提取的这些小流域河流水质特征能够详细了解到水样采样点小流域河流的污染指标,对这些污染指标采取有效的治理方式可缓解小流域河流污染问题。 相似文献
7.
闸坝对重污染河流水质水量作用规律的分析与讨论 总被引：7，自引：1，他引：6
在人口密度较大、生产生活相对集中、水质污染较严重的流域(如淮河),如果闸坝(或水库)调度不当,常常会导致突发性水污染事故发生。目前,国内在典型闸坝的水质水量作用规律方面的研究还很不足。本文以作者在淮河流域沙颍河槐店闸的前期工作为基础,发现河道实际水质变化情况与先前认识的闸坝作用规律并不完全一致。综合分析其原因,认为以前很少考虑底泥因素。因此,本文预测了考虑底泥之后闸坝对重污染河流的水质水量作用规律,把COD、氨氮浓度变化沿河流位置分别划分为Ⅶ段、Ⅳ段;并提出了在实验结果基础上构建水质模型,进行闸坝扰动河流底泥的模拟研究,重新全面分析闸坝的作用规律;并对闸坝作用规律研究的4个关键问题进行讨论。这对于重污染河流闸坝水质水量联合调度研究将具有重要的指导作用。 相似文献
8.
黄土高原绝大部分地区降水稀少、径流量小,水资源总体相当匮乏,准确掌握区域内径流情况对科学配置稀缺的水资源至关重要。本研究选取黄土高原中部马莲河上游的环江流域为研究对象,采用SWAT模型进行径流模拟研究,并结合1980-1990年的径流实测数据校准和验证模型。分析显示:1采用30m精度的高分辨率数字高程模型(DEM)数据比用90m分辨率DEM数据获得的河网更精细,而模拟误差较小;2子流域划分水平对径流模拟有一定的影响,当子流域划分增加到一定水平时径流量趋于稳定;3通过调整模型中敏感性较高的参数率定模型,使得校准期和验证期月均径流深Re均小于10%,R2分别为0.893和0.822,Ens分别为0.89和0.82,SWAT模型在该地区具有较好的适用性。 相似文献
9.
西丽水库流域面源污染负荷估算研究 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
本研究采用现场调查和试验室分析的方法,计算了西丽水库流域的面源污染负荷;另外,在GIS技术的支持下,采用通用土壤流失方程USLE和径流曲线数目方程SCS对西丽水库流域的泥沙、氮磷和有机污染物输出特征进行了详细地分析。结果显示,西丽水库流域的面污染负荷输出TP、TN、COD和SS分别为179.70,5674.87,39452.92和130954 kg/(km2.a),由于果园占地面积较大,其贡献的氮磷和有机污染物总量最大(分别为TN 52%,TP 58%,COD 41%),是西丽水库流域最主要的面源污染来源。实证研究和模型估算的结果证明,这两个模型都可较好地用于西丽水库面源污染负荷的估算。 相似文献
10.
SWAT 2000气象模拟器的随机模拟原理、验证及改进 总被引：13，自引：1，他引：13
该文详细介绍了SWAT 2000气象模拟器(最高、最低气温、太阳辐射)的随机模拟原理,利用甘肃河西地区酒泉、张掖等7个站的完整气象资料,提出了气候条件相似的区域气象台站月平均气象数据的计算方法,并计算出模拟器需要的输入参数,对气象模拟结果进行了验证.在此基础上利用逐日平均气温修正模拟生成的最高、最低气温并求5日滑动平均,对模拟器进行了改进.通过模拟结果与气象台站实测资料的对比可以看出,改进后最高气温相关系数从0.85提高到0.90,最低气温相关系数从0.89提高到0.94,气温数据模拟精度有一定提高.最后利用改进后的气象模拟器对河西黑河地区祁连、札马什克、莺落峡3个数据短缺站点进行了气温和太阳辐射的模拟,通过SWAT模型的应用证明模拟结果能够满足分布式水文模型的气象输入数据精度要求. 相似文献
11.
A research group led by Prof. ZHAI Qiwei from the Institute for Nutritional Sciences under the CAS Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences has discovered that even relatively low doses of resveratrol-a chemical found in the skins of red grapes in red wine-can improve the sensitivity of mice to the hormone insulin according to a report in the October issue of Cell Metabolism.…… 《中国科学院院刊(英文版)》2008,22(1):14-15
Aresearch group led by Prof. ZHAI Qiwei from the Institute for Nutritional Sciences under the CAS Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences has discovered that even relatively low doses of resveratrol--a chemical found in the skins of red grapes and in red wine--can improve the sensitivity of mice to the hormone insulin, according to a report in the October,2007 issue of Cell Metabolism. As insulin resistance is often characterized as the most critical factor contributing to the development of Type 2 diabetes, the findings“provide a potential new therapeutic approach for preventing or treating” both conditions, the researchers said. 相似文献
12.
Marjorie Armstrong-Stassen Margaret Landstrom Ramona Lumpkin 《The Information Society》1998,14(2):153-164
This study examined how students who had no prior experience with videoconferencing would react to the use of videoconferencing as an instructional medium. Students enrolled in seven different courses completed a questionnaire at the beginning of the semester and again at the end of the semester. Students at the origination and remote sites did not differ in their reactions toward videoconferencing but there was a significant difference for gender. Women reacted less favorably to videoconferencing. Compared to the beginning of the semester, students reported significantly less positive attitudes toward taking a course through videoconferencing at the end of the semester. There were no significant differences in students' attitudes toward videoconferencing across courses at the beginning of the semester but there were significant differences across the courses at the end of the semester. The results suggest the need for better preparation for both students and instructors. 相似文献
13.
《中国科学院院刊(英文版)》2008,22(1):2-3
CAS should stick to the principle of rendering service to, and giving impetus for, the development of China＇s science enterprise by making S＆T innovations, said CAS President LU Yongxiang. The CAS president made the remarks in a recent talk to communicate the gist of the winter session of the Party＇s Leading-member Group at CAS, which was held from 7 to 11 January in Beijing. 相似文献
14.
《中国科学院院刊(英文版)》2008,22(1)
With great care, Dr. ZHOU Zhonghe takes out a package wrapped by cotton tissue from a drawer and says: "This is the gem of our collections: the fossil of a bird that lived 125 million years ago!" Then, pointing at a tiny mound, he explains: "Look, this is the claw and that is the head. It was in the egg shell and ready to hatch ... The species fell into a family of waterside inhabitants." 相似文献
15.
A joint study by Prof. ZHANG Zhibin from the CAS Institute of Zoology his co-workers from Norway US Swiss have indicated that historical outbreaks of migratory locusts in China were associated with cold spells suggesting that China's projected climate warming could decrease the pest's numbers. The study was published in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences on September .…… 《中国科学院院刊(英文版)》2008,22(1):6-7
Ajoint study by Prof. ZHANG Zhibin from the CAS Institute of Zoology and his co-workers from Norway, US and Swiss have indicated that historical outbreaks of migratory locusts in China were associated with cold spells, suggesting that China＇s projected climate warming could decrease the pest＇s numbers. The study was published in Proceedings of theNational Academy of Sciences on 17 September, 2007. 相似文献
16.
Caroline Haythornthwaite 《The Information Society》2001,17(3):211-226
A computer-mediated group is a complex entity whose members exchange many types of information via multiple means of communication in pursuit of goals specific to their environment. Over time, they coordinate technical features of media with locally enacted use to achieve a viable working arrangement. To explore this complex interaction, a case study is presented of the social networks of interactions and media use among members of a class of computer-supported distance learners. Results show how group structures associated with project teams dominated who communicated with whom, about what, and via which media over the term, and how media came to occupy their own communication niches: Webboard for diffuse class-wide communication; Internet Relay Chat more to named others but still for general communication across the class; and e-mail primarily for intrateam communication. Face-to-face interaction, occurring only during a short on-campus session, appears to have had a catalytic effect on social and emotional exchanges. Results suggest the need to structure exchanges to balance class-wide sharing of ideas with subgroup interactions that facilitate project completion, and to provide media that support these two modes of interaction. 相似文献
17.
Active biological molecules functional structures can be fabricated into a bio-mimetic system by using molecular assembly method. Such materials can be used for the drug delivery disease diagnosis therapy new nanodevice construction.…… 《中国科学院院刊(英文版)》2008,22(1):22-22
Active biological molecules and functional structures can be fabricated into a bio-mimetic system by using molecular assembly method. Such materials can be used for the drug delivery, disease diagnosis and therapy, and new nanodevice construction. 相似文献
18.
Electronic data interchange (EDI) provides means for interorganizational communication, creates network externalities, requires an advanced information technology (IT) infrastructure, and relies on standards. In the diffusion of such innovations, institutional involvement is imperative. Such institutions contain governmental agencies, national and global standardization organizations, local government, and nonprofit private organizations like industry associations. The last type of organizations we call intermediating institutions. They intermediate or coordinate ("inscribe") the activities of a group of would-be adopters. Unfortunately, little is known of how these organizations shape the EDI diffusion trajectory. In this article we examine one specific type of intermediating organizations?industry associations?and how they advanced the EDI diffusion process in the grocery sectors of Hong Kong, Denmark and Finland. We identify six institutional measures, placed into a matrix formed by the mode of involvement (influence vs. regulation) and the type of diffusion force (supply push vs. demand pull), that can be mobilized to further the EDI diffusion. Industry associations were found to be active users of all these measures to varying degrees. Their role was critical especially in knowledge building, knowledge deployment, and standard setting. Furthermore, institutional involvement varied due to policy and cultural contingencies and power dependencies. 相似文献
19.
Leah A. Lievrouw 《The Information Society》2000,16(2):155-159
This essay focuses on universal service and the Internet as means to support social and political participation. The emphasis on access to telecommunications systems in conventional approaches to universal service is contrasted with access to content. A model of the information environment is described that accounts for the roles of content and conduit, both of which are necessary conditions to achieve true access. A method is outlined for employing information indicators to observe or measure the information environment. 相似文献
20.
Puay Tang 《The Information Society》1998,14(1):19-31
The increasing prospects of digital piracy has prompted the perceived need by electronic publishers to adopt technical systems of protection, and governments to reform their copyright laws. This article is a preliminary study of the management of intellectual property by electronic publishers, defined as those involved in the production of online databases, and CD-ROMs. It focuses on three main issues: (1) how electronic publishers view the increasing threat of piracy; (2) the methods of protection employed to protect intellectual property in digital format; and (3) the importance of technological protection of intellectual property in electronic publications. The analysis is based on a sample of 23 UK electronic publishers. The interviews revealed an interesting assortment of protection methods and did not show that technological protection was a preferred way. Instead, the means of protection, in addition to copyright law, comprised niche markets, pricing, trust, bad publicity, and nontechnical and technical means. 相似文献