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1.
全球生态系统服务价值评估研究进展 总被引：167，自引：8，他引：167
随着人类对生态系统功能不可替代性的认识愈来愈深刻，生态系统服务功能研究愈来愈受到人们的重视。近年来，这一领域的研究已经取得了令人注目的进展。研究的重点主要集中在采用各种方法对自然资本的边际服务价值进行估计。评估的方法大都直接或间接地基于对生态系统服务的个人偿付意愿进行计量。对全球生态系统服务价值评估的代表是基于全球静态总平衡输入输出模型的评估和基于全球静态部分平衡的评估，中国对区域生态系统服务价值也进行了初步估算。生态系统功能与服务的复杂性、价值的多重认识、市场失效及价格空缺、实证的困难与自然资本总价值得无限至今还制约着生态系统服务价值研究的发展，今后需要研究的领域及发展趋势是：1、不同生态类型的各种服务价值研究；2、生态系统服务空间异质性研究；3、包含非线性及阈值的动态地区模型和全球模型；4、改变账户系统和制定相应政策；5、考虑生态系统服务损失的项目评估；6、大规模的小幅度变化和小规模的大幅度变化边际研究. 相似文献
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伊犁新垦区土地利用变化及其对生态系统服务价值的影响 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
本文运用GIS和遥感技术,分析了1985年～2008年间,新疆伊犁河谷新垦区的土地利用变化情况,并利用Costanza提出的生态系统服务价值评估思路,分析了20多年来,新垦区由土地利用变化引起的生态系统服务价值在时间、空间和结构上的变化。结论如下：①1985年～2008年间,研究区耕地不断增加,但草地有退化为盐碱地或沙地的倾向;②研究区的生态系统服务价值减少了6.19％。在新垦区今后的农业开发中,一方面,应考虑生物多样性保护和水源涵养功能,防止过度开发引起的草场沙化、湖泊与湿地萎缩、土壤侵蚀加重及农田土壤盐渍化等生态问题。另一方面,应通过种植结构的优化和调整,提升整个区域的生态系统服务功能;③敏感性分析的结果表明,生态系统服务价值对生态价值系数的敏感性指数均小于1。这说明研究区内的生态系统服务价值缺乏弹性,基于谢高地价值系数的生态系统服务功能价值核算结果在本区域内有较高的可信度。 相似文献
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2000-2010年鄱阳湖地区生态系统服务价值空间格局及其动态演化 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
鄱阳湖地区是中国重要生态功能区和世界基金会划定的全球重要生态区。本文基于土地覆被遥感解译数据及其他辅助数据,运用基于专家知识的生态系统服务价值评估模型及相关分维、空间统计等分析方法,分析鄱阳湖地区2000-2010年生态系统服务价值空间格局及其动态演化。结果表明：①鄱阳湖地区生态系统服务价值总量较高,但价值净损失趋于加速,2000-2005年价值净损失1.10亿元,2005-2010年净损失2.47亿元;②生态系统服务价值空间格局的等级差异明显,中等价值单元分布均匀,高值单元分布集中,低值和较高值单元随机分布;③生态系统服务价值及其动态演化的空间自相关与高低值聚集现象明显,但其相关性与聚集程度趋于弱化;④“退耕还林”政策的实施促使生态系统服务价值增值并形成若干增值热点区,城市扩张与土地开发导致生态系统服务价值损失,并形成沿交通干线和水土资源富集区分布的价值损失冷点区。 相似文献
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基于生态系统服务价值的城市土地空间分区优化研究——以上海市宝山区为例 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
以上海市宝山区为例,在区域生态系统服务价值空间格局分析的基础上,识别出生态系统服务价值敏感区域,并采用最小累积阻力模型开展基于生态系统服务价值保护的城市土地空间分区优化研究。结果显示：①宝山区土地利用类型空间梯度分异显著,呈现出由东南部向西北方向辐射状递增的特征;②区域可划分为重点保育区（57.22km2）、一般保护区（123.32km2）、生态建设区（88.5km2）与优化开发区（24.67km2）,建议结合基础条件及控制要求开展差异化发展;③最小累积阻力模型与生态系统服务价值相结合,应用于城市土地空间分区优化研究具有较强的适用性与可操作性。 相似文献
5.
草地生态系统服务功能的研究进展 总被引：12，自引：3，他引：12
草地是世界上分布最广的陆地生态系统,为人类提供了净初级物质生产、碳蓄积与碳汇、调节气候、涵养水源、水土保持和防风固沙、改良土壤、维持生物多样性等产品和服务,但是只有部分产品和服务的价值得到人们的认识和计量,并具有市场价值.目前相对于其他生态系统而言,对草地生态系统服务功能研究还进行的较少.总结发现,关于草地生态系统服务功能研究目前主要存在以下问题:①缺乏动态性研究;②缺乏空间异质性研究;③缺乏评价和计算的生态经济学逻辑框架体系;④价值评价的理论和方法还不完善;⑤缺乏人类干扰下服务功能的变化与响应研究;⑥对各类草地生态系统研究的针对性不强;⑦缺乏适合我国草地生态系统服务功能特征的评估体系与方法.根据以上研究不足,笔者认为在草地生态系统服务功能研究领域应当关注和加强以下问题:①逐步建立相对完善的草地生态系统服务功能和价值评价的逻辑框架体系和方法;②提高不同类型草地生态系统服务功能研究的针对性;③加强人类干扰下生态服务功能的变化和响应研究;④将RS和GIS技术应用到生态服务功能动态性和空间异质性研究. 相似文献
6.
福清市土地开发与管理决策支持系统设计及应用 总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6
以福清市土地开发与管理决策支持系统为例,提出了基于数据分析和功能分解的综合应用“3S”空间信息技术的土地管理决策信息系统设计范式和途径。建立了系统的实体－关系的数据分析模型和相应的数据流和数据库逻辑和物理结构,并利用设计的系统实现了福清市上迳乡土地变化动态J土地开发管理;地理信息系统;决策支 相似文献
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8.
灌区工程在建设过程中,生态系统类型受工程占地影响发生改变,其生态系统服务价值也随之变化,在灌区工程环境影响评价过程中,生态系统受工程占地影响造成的损失难以量化。为了计算灌区工程占地造成的生态系统服务价值损失,借鉴Constanza等人的研究成果,提出了灌区建设占地导致生态系统服务价值损失的估算方法。将灌区内不同类型生态系统表现出的不同服务功能进行量化,以此为基础对灌区工程建设占地造成的生态系统服务价值损失进行估算。并将此方法应用于黑龙江省三江平原地区多个灌区工程环境影响评价中,估算出灌区建设占地造成的生态系统服务价值损失。 相似文献
9.
基于多源数据融合的南四湖湿地生态系统服务功能价值评估 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
随着对湿地生态系统研究的深入,湿地的生态服务价值越来越受到学者的重视。研究以南四湖湿地生态系统为例,通过遥感和地理信息系统软件处理高清影像解译生成的景观数据以及MODIS处理生成的NPP数据,运用市场价值法、碳税法与造林成本法、影子工程法、费用支出法、专家估算法、替代费用法以及生态价值等多种方法对南四湖湿地生态系统物质生产功能、大气调节功能、蓄水功能、调蓄洪水功能、休闲娱乐功能、文化科研功能、养分循环功能以及生物栖息地功能等服务功能价值进行估算。结果表明:①南四湖湿地服务功能价值总和为131亿元,其中调节功能价值最大,达到56.77亿元,其次是支持功能和文化功能,价值量为52.77亿元和15.07亿元,最后是物质生产功能价值为6.39亿元;②虽然人工湿地面积占研究区域总面积的59%以上,其生态服务功能价值总量还不到自然湿地的生态服务功能价值总量的一半。 相似文献
10.
乌梁素海湿地生态系统服务功能及价值评估 总被引：36，自引：3，他引：36
干旱半干旱区湿地生态系统服务功能对区域环境具有重要的意义.该文在大量详实的基础数据和实地调查的基础之上,综合运用生态学、经济学方法对内蒙古乌梁素海建立湿地生态系统服务功能及价值评价的框架和方法.将湿地生态系统服务功能分为具有直接使用价值的生产产品功能和具有间接使用价值的生命支持系统功能进行评估.结果表明,直接使用价值(包括提供生态系统产品功能、休闲娱乐功能)约为0.45×108元,主要是芦苇资源的价值;间接使用价值(包括水资源调节功能、为野生动物提供栖息地功能、水质净化功能、大气调节功能、文化科学功能)为6.68×08元,间接价值远远大于直接价值,其中大气调节功能是价值量最高的服务功能.水量短缺和富营养化是影响湿地生态系统服务功能发挥的关键因素. 相似文献
11.
A research group led by Prof. ZHAI Qiwei from the Institute for Nutritional Sciences under the CAS Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences has discovered that even relatively low doses of resveratrol-a chemical found in the skins of red grapes in red wine-can improve the sensitivity of mice to the hormone insulin according to a report in the October issue of Cell Metabolism.…… 《中国科学院院刊(英文版)》2008,22(1):14-15
Aresearch group led by Prof. ZHAI Qiwei from the Institute for Nutritional Sciences under the CAS Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences has discovered that even relatively low doses of resveratrol--a chemical found in the skins of red grapes and in red wine--can improve the sensitivity of mice to the hormone insulin, according to a report in the October,2007 issue of Cell Metabolism. As insulin resistance is often characterized as the most critical factor contributing to the development of Type 2 diabetes, the findings“provide a potential new therapeutic approach for preventing or treating” both conditions, the researchers said. 相似文献
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Marjorie Armstrong-Stassen Margaret Landstrom Ramona Lumpkin 《The Information Society》1998,14(2):153-164
This study examined how students who had no prior experience with videoconferencing would react to the use of videoconferencing as an instructional medium. Students enrolled in seven different courses completed a questionnaire at the beginning of the semester and again at the end of the semester. Students at the origination and remote sites did not differ in their reactions toward videoconferencing but there was a significant difference for gender. Women reacted less favorably to videoconferencing. Compared to the beginning of the semester, students reported significantly less positive attitudes toward taking a course through videoconferencing at the end of the semester. There were no significant differences in students' attitudes toward videoconferencing across courses at the beginning of the semester but there were significant differences across the courses at the end of the semester. The results suggest the need for better preparation for both students and instructors. 相似文献
13.
Active biological molecules functional structures can be fabricated into a bio-mimetic system by using molecular assembly method. Such materials can be used for the drug delivery disease diagnosis therapy new nanodevice construction.…… 《中国科学院院刊(英文版)》2008,22(1):22-22
Active biological molecules and functional structures can be fabricated into a bio-mimetic system by using molecular assembly method. Such materials can be used for the drug delivery, disease diagnosis and therapy, and new nanodevice construction. 相似文献
14.
A joint study by Prof. ZHANG Zhibin from the CAS Institute of Zoology his co-workers from Norway US Swiss have indicated that historical outbreaks of migratory locusts in China were associated with cold spells suggesting that China's projected climate warming could decrease the pest's numbers. The study was published in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences on September .…… 《中国科学院院刊(英文版)》2008,22(1):6-7
Ajoint study by Prof. ZHANG Zhibin from the CAS Institute of Zoology and his co-workers from Norway, US and Swiss have indicated that historical outbreaks of migratory locusts in China were associated with cold spells, suggesting that China＇s projected climate warming could decrease the pest＇s numbers. The study was published in Proceedings of theNational Academy of Sciences on 17 September, 2007. 相似文献
15.
《中国科学院院刊(英文版)》2008,22(1):2-3
CAS should stick to the principle of rendering service to, and giving impetus for, the development of China＇s science enterprise by making S＆T innovations, said CAS President LU Yongxiang. The CAS president made the remarks in a recent talk to communicate the gist of the winter session of the Party＇s Leading-member Group at CAS, which was held from 7 to 11 January in Beijing. 相似文献
16.
Caroline Haythornthwaite 《The Information Society》2001,17(3):211-226
A computer-mediated group is a complex entity whose members exchange many types of information via multiple means of communication in pursuit of goals specific to their environment. Over time, they coordinate technical features of media with locally enacted use to achieve a viable working arrangement. To explore this complex interaction, a case study is presented of the social networks of interactions and media use among members of a class of computer-supported distance learners. Results show how group structures associated with project teams dominated who communicated with whom, about what, and via which media over the term, and how media came to occupy their own communication niches: Webboard for diffuse class-wide communication; Internet Relay Chat more to named others but still for general communication across the class; and e-mail primarily for intrateam communication. Face-to-face interaction, occurring only during a short on-campus session, appears to have had a catalytic effect on social and emotional exchanges. Results suggest the need to structure exchanges to balance class-wide sharing of ideas with subgroup interactions that facilitate project completion, and to provide media that support these two modes of interaction. 相似文献
17.
《中国科学院院刊(英文版)》2008,22(1)
With great care, Dr. ZHOU Zhonghe takes out a package wrapped by cotton tissue from a drawer and says: "This is the gem of our collections: the fossil of a bird that lived 125 million years ago!" Then, pointing at a tiny mound, he explains: "Look, this is the claw and that is the head. It was in the egg shell and ready to hatch ... The species fell into a family of waterside inhabitants." 相似文献
18.
Electronic data interchange (EDI) provides means for interorganizational communication, creates network externalities, requires an advanced information technology (IT) infrastructure, and relies on standards. In the diffusion of such innovations, institutional involvement is imperative. Such institutions contain governmental agencies, national and global standardization organizations, local government, and nonprofit private organizations like industry associations. The last type of organizations we call intermediating institutions. They intermediate or coordinate ("inscribe") the activities of a group of would-be adopters. Unfortunately, little is known of how these organizations shape the EDI diffusion trajectory. In this article we examine one specific type of intermediating organizations?industry associations?and how they advanced the EDI diffusion process in the grocery sectors of Hong Kong, Denmark and Finland. We identify six institutional measures, placed into a matrix formed by the mode of involvement (influence vs. regulation) and the type of diffusion force (supply push vs. demand pull), that can be mobilized to further the EDI diffusion. Industry associations were found to be active users of all these measures to varying degrees. Their role was critical especially in knowledge building, knowledge deployment, and standard setting. Furthermore, institutional involvement varied due to policy and cultural contingencies and power dependencies. 相似文献
19.
Leah A. Lievrouw 《The Information Society》2000,16(2):155-159
This essay focuses on universal service and the Internet as means to support social and political participation. The emphasis on access to telecommunications systems in conventional approaches to universal service is contrasted with access to content. A model of the information environment is described that accounts for the roles of content and conduit, both of which are necessary conditions to achieve true access. A method is outlined for employing information indicators to observe or measure the information environment. 相似文献
20.
Puay Tang 《The Information Society》1998,14(1):19-31
The increasing prospects of digital piracy has prompted the perceived need by electronic publishers to adopt technical systems of protection, and governments to reform their copyright laws. This article is a preliminary study of the management of intellectual property by electronic publishers, defined as those involved in the production of online databases, and CD-ROMs. It focuses on three main issues: (1) how electronic publishers view the increasing threat of piracy; (2) the methods of protection employed to protect intellectual property in digital format; and (3) the importance of technological protection of intellectual property in electronic publications. The analysis is based on a sample of 23 UK electronic publishers. The interviews revealed an interesting assortment of protection methods and did not show that technological protection was a preferred way. Instead, the means of protection, in addition to copyright law, comprised niche markets, pricing, trust, bad publicity, and nontechnical and technical means. 相似文献