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1.
陕西省汉台区1978年至2006年耕地数量变化及驱动力分析 总被引：4，自引：1，他引：3
汉台区是陕西省农业产业结构调整典型示范区,近年来,由于农业产业结构调整、退耕还林还草和建设占用耕地,汉台区耕地数量大量减少,耕地供需矛盾突出。本文利用1978年以来汉台区耕地长序列统计资料和近9年的土地详查与变更数据,研究汉台区土地利用现状及其结构变化、分析汉台区耕地数量变化的基本过程及空间差异、探讨耕地数量变化的主要驱动力。研究结果表明:①1978年～2006年全区耕地共减少5600hm2,平均每年减少200hm2,人均耕地减少0.027hm2,耕地递减率曲线与人均耕地递减率曲线走势基本一致;②建设占用耕地、退耕还林还草和农业结构调整等直接影响因子在4种类型区影响耕地变化差异明显;总体上,农业产业结构调整是全区耕地减少的主导因素,经济发展较快的城镇,建设占用耕地较多;③耕地面积与社会经济发展各因素间的相关系数约低于累计耕地面积与各因素之间的相关系数,说明全区耕地减少与社会经济发展存在时间上的错位性,即经济和社会发展滞后于对耕地资源的占用。 相似文献
2.
20世纪60年代以来日本耕地面积变化及其启示 总被引：12，自引：0，他引：12
本文截取1961年以后日本经济发展相对平稳的时间段,研究耕地面积变化及其驱动机制,可以在一定程度上避免重大历史事件对统计数据的干扰,从而得出符合社会发展规律的结论。研究结果表明,1960年以来日本耕地面积和人均耕地面积一直呈下降趋势,到2003年分别为1961年的79%和60%,符合直线变化规律。单位农业劳动力占有的耕地面积从1961年的0.2060hm2/人上升至1.0870hm2/人,接近1961年的5倍,符合二次曲线变化规律。借助主成分分析和回归分析方法对耕地面积驱动力的研究结果表明,经济发展造成的工业用地和城市用地面积扩大是耕地面积减少的根本原因;农产品价格的变化也造成部分耕地退出耕作;随着经济技术水平的提高和防灾减灾能力的增强,因自然灾害造成的耕地损失逐渐减少。增加耕地面积的诸因素中,土地开垦始终处于主导地位,其次为土地整理和复垦。在我国未来的经济发展过程中,要摒弃城市化进程中后期耕地流失会相应减少的观念;警惕加入WTO之后,农产品市场开放可能对粮食安全和我国耕地面积的影响;同时还要坚持耕地保护政策的持久性。 相似文献
3.
苏州市近50年耕地资源变化过程与经济发展关系研究 总被引：41，自引：4，他引：41
采用苏州市1949年～2002年统计数据,研究揭示了苏州市土地利用特征,分析了苏州市耕地面积变化过程及区域差异,并定量分析了苏州市耕地资源变化和经济发展的关系,对不同经济发展水平的耕地占用量进行了估算.结果表明:①苏州市土地开发强度大,综合产出率高,建设用地比重大;耕地面积减少迅速,人均耕地面积只有0.0494hm2,远低于全国水平;②随着经济的发展,苏州市耕地面积逐渐递减,经历了增加-快速减少-缓慢增加-缓慢减少-急剧减少-缓慢减少-快速减少的变化过程,人均耕地面积也有类似的变化趋势;③地资源面积随着人均GDP的增加呈指数递减趋势,用模拟的指数方程对耕地面积的估算值和实际值误差较小,证明用指数递减方程预测耕地面积随人均GDP增长的变化是可行的;④在人均GDP为10000元～20000元、20000元～30000元和30000元～60000元阶段,苏州市GDP每增加百亿元所占用耕地面积分别为4450hm2、2 795hm2、1178hm2,表明占用的耕地面积随着经济发展水平的增加逐渐减少,经济发展模式由粗放型向集约型转变. 相似文献
4.
建国以来中国实有耕地面积增减变化分析 总被引：39，自引：4，他引：35
通过对建国以来我国实有耕地面积增减变化的分析,否定了根据耕地统计面积得出的“1957年以来我国耕地面积基本呈下降趋势”的说法。1953年全国查田定产得出的耕地面积10853×104hm2最能代表建国初期我国实有耕地面积,此后直到1960年,耕地统计面积基本能反映我国当时的实有耕地面积。除“大跃进”时期外,1980年前我国耕地面积基本上不是增加的。80年代初期全国实有耕地射程13250×104hm213970×104hm2,比1957年净增1/51/4左右。近15a来我国耕地面积不断减少,1996年全国实有耕地面积13004×104hm2,比1980年净减少529.27×104hm2,年均净减少35.28×104hm2。 相似文献
5.
耕地资源非农转化定量预测模型 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
社会经济发展对土地需求的增长性与土地稀缺性之间的不协调性历来是土地利用规划需要解决的问题,从经济发展的角度,合理确定区域耕地资源转化为非农建设用地的数量具有重要的价值和实际意义.本文首先给出了耕地资源非农转化的定义,即在一定的社会历史条件下,耕地被非农建设挤占的动态演变过程即为耕地非农转化,并进行了耕地资源非农转化的驱动分析.综合考虑引起耕地数量变化的3个方面:土地整理复垦、经济建设非农占用、生态退耕及自然灾毁,得出耕地的非农转化量即为综合考虑未来人口发展规模在食物安全状态下对耕地的需求量、生态安全建设中生态退耕面积、自然灾毁耕地面积与现有耕地总量、土地开发整理复垦补充耕地平衡之后剩余的耕地数量.构建了耕地非农转化定量预测模型,并以济南市为例,预测到2020年耕地资源的非农转化量为29 876.31hm2.对区域耕地资源非农转化的定性与定量分析,为协调土地利用规划与经济发展对土地的需求之间的矛盾提供了新的思路与方法. 相似文献
6.
社会经济发展对土地需求的增长性与土地稀缺性之间的不协调性历来是土地利用规划需要解决的问题,从经济发展的角度,合理确定区域耕地资源转化为非农建设用地的数量具有重要的价值和实际意义.本文首先给出了耕地资源非农转化的定义,即在一定的社会历史条件下,耕地被非农建设挤占的动态演变过程即为耕地非农转化,并进行了耕地资源非农转化的驱动分析.综合考虑引起耕地数量变化的3个方面:土地整理复垦、经济建设非农占用、生态退耕及自然灾毁,得出耕地的非农转化量即为综合考虑未来人口发展规模在食物安全状态下对耕地的需求量、生态安全建设中生态退耕面积、自然灾毁耕地面积与现有耕地总量、土地开发整理复垦补充耕地平衡之后剩余的耕地数量.构建了耕地非农转化定量预测模型,并以济南市为例,预测到2020年耕地资源的非农转化量为29 876.31hm2.对区域耕地资源非农转化的定性与定量分析,为协调土地利用规划与经济发展对土地的需求之间的矛盾提供了新的思路与方法. 相似文献
7.
常州市耕地数量变化驱动力机制及政策绩效分析 总被引：7，自引：1，他引：6
本研究以常州市为例,观察经济社会驱动因子与耕地保护政策作用的机制,研究区域耕地面积变化的驱动力机制中哪些经济社会驱动因子在其中扮演了重要角色,在耕地数量变化过程中耕地保护制度的绩效如何,并从中发现反馈的信息,为下一步政策调整,协调经济发展与耕地保护的矛盾,强化土地政策参与宏观调控的效果提供决策依据。通过经济计量方法和模型检验了常州市人口增长、经济发展水平、农业结构调整、固定资产投资、农副产品价格以及耕地保护制度等经济社会因子在耕地数量变化中的作用。结果表明,人口增长、经济发展水平、农业结构调整、固定资产投资等驱动耕地数量不断减少,而农副产品价格、耕地保护制度的作用相反,且耕地保护制度变迁在不同时期的制度绩效不同,1997年以后的政策比之前的政策在保护耕地的作用更有效一些。中国政府基于现实条件的理性选择应是,实施积极的耕地保护政策,严格耕地保护,加强土地调控。 相似文献
8.
耕地变化对粮食生产能力的影响评价——以吉林中西部地区为例 总被引：7，自引：1，他引：7
在目前我国粮食供需相对紧张,部分耕地非农化利用的趋势日渐明显,政府粮食安全目标与农户利益之间的矛盾尚未真正解决,农产品市场日趋国际化以及国内粮食生产机遇与挑战并存的背景下,分析粮食主产区耕地资源变化格局与态势,研究其耕地资源变化对粮食生产能力的影响,具有重要的现实意义。本文利用GIS空间分析技术,着重从空间分布角度,通过研究两个不同时期区域耕地数量变化及引起的耕地质量空间分布变化,探讨区域耕地数量与质量变化对粮食生产能力的综合影响,并以吉林省中西部地区为例进行了实证研究。结果表明:①吉林中西部地区耕地数量净增加了0.82×104hm2;②减少的耕地中,三等地减少数量最多,一等地减少量最少;增加的耕地中,五等地增加数量最多,一等地增加数量最少;③吉林省中西部地区粮食总产净增加了0.52×104t。其中耕地减少使本地区粮食总产减少了39.09×104t,二等地和三等地的减少对粮食总产有较为突出的影响,分别占粮食总产减少总量的28.36%和44.82%。同时增加的耕地中,二等地的增加对粮食总产增加起了相当重要的作用,占本区粮食总产增加量的44.53%;④要实现耕地总量动态平衡必须保证耕地数量与质量的双重平衡。 相似文献
9.
明代以前黑河流域耕地面积重建 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
受人类活动变迁影响,黑河流域作为我国西北地区重要产粮基地以及大规模绿洲农业开发最早地区之一,其境内的耕地规模自古至今变化十分频繁.由于文献记载的有限性和疏漏性,目前关于区域内明代以前的耕地面积历史变化情况的分析十分欠缺.本文选择文献较丰富的汉、唐和元代,依据历史文献资料和前人研究成果,以人口数据为基础,运用基于人均耕地面积和粮食产量两种途径重建了黑河流域明代以前耕地面积.前者按各时期屯田制度,结合人均垦地面积分别重建民户耕地和军屯占地情况,汇总两类耕地面积进行重建,后者利用人均粮食消耗、耕地单产情况估算人均耕地需求,再结合人口数据重建耕地总量.重建结果表明黑河流域明代以前耕地面积以西汉时期为最大,达(16.30～19.49)万hm2,其后总体呈下降趋势,东汉、唐代与元代的面积分别为(9.57～11.80)万hm2,(3.59 ～3.93)万hm2和3.19万hm2.对比表明两种重建结果基本一致,证实了重建结果具有可靠性并在一定程度上可以反映研究时期内耕地规模的变化趋势. 相似文献
10.
吉林省耕地动态变化及其对粮食生产影响研究 总被引：11，自引：2，他引：11
近50年来的统计资料显示,吉林省耕地面积的数量变化在建国后先增加后不断下降,渐趋于平缓,从1993年开始,耕地面积开始稍有增加.重点根据1986年和2000年TM影像解译后得到的土地利用图,分析了吉林省近15年来耕地的变化、转移及其空间分布.分析表明,耕地面积变化表现为其他土地利用类型转化为耕地的面积大于耕地转化为其它类型的面积.耕地的转移变化类型主要发生在耕地、林地和草地之间;变化发生的空间主要发生在吉林省西部的白城和松原两个地区.耕地在空间上的移动和转化也带来了质量的变化:耕地质量的变化主要是由于优质耕地被占用,新开垦的耕地主要为肥力较差的土壤,导致了全省土地质量下降;通过构建的空间分布质心模型,分别计算了近15年来的耕地分布质心和粮食生产质心偏移,计算结果表明:耕地的分布重心朝西北方向移动,而粮食生产质心并没有同样的变化趋势,也间接说明了耕地质量的降低.进一步分析对粮食生产的影响,讨论了今后吉林省粮食生产的对策. 相似文献
11.
《中国科学院院刊(英文版)》2008,22(1):2-3
CAS should stick to the principle of rendering service to, and giving impetus for, the development of China＇s science enterprise by making S＆T innovations, said CAS President LU Yongxiang. The CAS president made the remarks in a recent talk to communicate the gist of the winter session of the Party＇s Leading-member Group at CAS, which was held from 7 to 11 January in Beijing. 相似文献
12.
Marjorie Armstrong-Stassen Margaret Landstrom Ramona Lumpkin 《The Information Society》1998,14(2):153-164
This study examined how students who had no prior experience with videoconferencing would react to the use of videoconferencing as an instructional medium. Students enrolled in seven different courses completed a questionnaire at the beginning of the semester and again at the end of the semester. Students at the origination and remote sites did not differ in their reactions toward videoconferencing but there was a significant difference for gender. Women reacted less favorably to videoconferencing. Compared to the beginning of the semester, students reported significantly less positive attitudes toward taking a course through videoconferencing at the end of the semester. There were no significant differences in students' attitudes toward videoconferencing across courses at the beginning of the semester but there were significant differences across the courses at the end of the semester. The results suggest the need for better preparation for both students and instructors. 相似文献
13.
《中国科学院院刊(英文版)》2008,22(1)
With great care, Dr. ZHOU Zhonghe takes out a package wrapped by cotton tissue from a drawer and says: "This is the gem of our collections: the fossil of a bird that lived 125 million years ago!" Then, pointing at a tiny mound, he explains: "Look, this is the claw and that is the head. It was in the egg shell and ready to hatch ... The species fell into a family of waterside inhabitants." 相似文献
14.
A joint study by Prof. ZHANG Zhibin from the CAS Institute of Zoology his co-workers from Norway US Swiss have indicated that historical outbreaks of migratory locusts in China were associated with cold spells suggesting that China's projected climate warming could decrease the pest's numbers. The study was published in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences on September .…… 《中国科学院院刊(英文版)》2008,22(1):6-7
Ajoint study by Prof. ZHANG Zhibin from the CAS Institute of Zoology and his co-workers from Norway, US and Swiss have indicated that historical outbreaks of migratory locusts in China were associated with cold spells, suggesting that China＇s projected climate warming could decrease the pest＇s numbers. The study was published in Proceedings of theNational Academy of Sciences on 17 September, 2007. 相似文献
15.
Caroline Haythornthwaite 《The Information Society》2001,17(3):211-226
A computer-mediated group is a complex entity whose members exchange many types of information via multiple means of communication in pursuit of goals specific to their environment. Over time, they coordinate technical features of media with locally enacted use to achieve a viable working arrangement. To explore this complex interaction, a case study is presented of the social networks of interactions and media use among members of a class of computer-supported distance learners. Results show how group structures associated with project teams dominated who communicated with whom, about what, and via which media over the term, and how media came to occupy their own communication niches: Webboard for diffuse class-wide communication; Internet Relay Chat more to named others but still for general communication across the class; and e-mail primarily for intrateam communication. Face-to-face interaction, occurring only during a short on-campus session, appears to have had a catalytic effect on social and emotional exchanges. Results suggest the need to structure exchanges to balance class-wide sharing of ideas with subgroup interactions that facilitate project completion, and to provide media that support these two modes of interaction. 相似文献
16.
Electronic data interchange (EDI) provides means for interorganizational communication, creates network externalities, requires an advanced information technology (IT) infrastructure, and relies on standards. In the diffusion of such innovations, institutional involvement is imperative. Such institutions contain governmental agencies, national and global standardization organizations, local government, and nonprofit private organizations like industry associations. The last type of organizations we call intermediating institutions. They intermediate or coordinate ("inscribe") the activities of a group of would-be adopters. Unfortunately, little is known of how these organizations shape the EDI diffusion trajectory. In this article we examine one specific type of intermediating organizations?industry associations?and how they advanced the EDI diffusion process in the grocery sectors of Hong Kong, Denmark and Finland. We identify six institutional measures, placed into a matrix formed by the mode of involvement (influence vs. regulation) and the type of diffusion force (supply push vs. demand pull), that can be mobilized to further the EDI diffusion. Industry associations were found to be active users of all these measures to varying degrees. Their role was critical especially in knowledge building, knowledge deployment, and standard setting. Furthermore, institutional involvement varied due to policy and cultural contingencies and power dependencies. 相似文献
17.
Puay Tang 《The Information Society》1998,14(1):19-31
The increasing prospects of digital piracy has prompted the perceived need by electronic publishers to adopt technical systems of protection, and governments to reform their copyright laws. This article is a preliminary study of the management of intellectual property by electronic publishers, defined as those involved in the production of online databases, and CD-ROMs. It focuses on three main issues: (1) how electronic publishers view the increasing threat of piracy; (2) the methods of protection employed to protect intellectual property in digital format; and (3) the importance of technological protection of intellectual property in electronic publications. The analysis is based on a sample of 23 UK electronic publishers. The interviews revealed an interesting assortment of protection methods and did not show that technological protection was a preferred way. Instead, the means of protection, in addition to copyright law, comprised niche markets, pricing, trust, bad publicity, and nontechnical and technical means. 相似文献
18.
Milton Mueller 《The Information Society》2001,17(3):151-163
Long-standing conflict between domain name registrants and trademark holders prompted the Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN) to create a global, mandatory arbitration procedure known as the Uniform Dispute Resolution Policy (UDRP). The UDRP has been used in 2166 cases involving 3938 domain names as of 1 November 2000. The policy gives the initiator of a complaint, generally a trademark holder, the right to choose which ICANN-accredited dispute resolution service provider (RSP) will handle the case. During the preparation of the UDRP,some feared that complainant selection would lead to "forum shopping" that might bias the results. This article performs a statistical assessment of the forum-shopping thesis and finds support for it. There are statistically significant differences in the various RSPs' propensity to take away names from defendants; there are also major differences in the number of cases brought to each RSP. RSPs who take away names have the larger share of cases. The study examines other variables that might explain differences in market share, such as price, the plaintiff's nationality, or the time taken to decide a case. It finds that nationality and time also are correlated with market share. The study concludes that shopping for a favorable outcome is an important factor in the UDRP. 相似文献
19.
Prof. Raymond C.K. Chen a neuropsychologist with the CAS Institute of Psychology has made novel progress in his studies of schizophrenia. His work has been reported by a recent issue of Behavioural Neurology.…… 《中国科学院院刊(英文版)》2008,22(1):15-15
Prof. Raymond C.K. Chen, a neuropsychologist with the CAS Institute of Psychology, has made novel progress in his studies of schizophrenia. His work has been reported by a recent issue of Behavioural Neurology. 相似文献
20.
Prof. SUN Changpu from the CAS Institute of Theoretical Physics coworkers from University of Basel in Switzerland have worked out a way - at least in theory - to split a beam of molecules according to their chirality. The technique involves passing the molecules through three different laser beams is similar to the famous Stern-Gerlach effect whereby a beam of atoms passing through a magnetic field is split in two according to the atoms' spin states 《中国科学院院刊(英文版)》2008,22(1):23-23
Prof. SUN Changpu from the CAS Institute of Theoretical Physics and coworkers from University of Basel in Switzerland have worked out a way --at least in theory --to split a beam of molecules according to their chirality. The technique involves passing the molecules through three different laser beams and is similar to the famous Stern-Gerlach effect, whereby a beam of atoms passing through a magnetic field is split in two according to the atoms＇ spin states （Phys. Rev. Lett. 99 130403）. 相似文献