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线粒体DNA多态性与人类运动能力的研究进展 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
综述了有关线粒体基因组(mtDNA)多态性与运动能力的研究：mtDNA为16569bp的双链闭环分子，含有37个基因，排列紧密，无内含子。其转录、复制受核DNA调控，同时也不同程度地影响核DNA表达；mtDNA的多样性很高的结论被进一步证实，且mtDNA的差异主要分布在群体内的个体间，而群体间的差异较小；目前研究认为，mtDNA多态性可能造成群体中有氧代谢能力的个体差异，是决定有氧能力和训练敏感性的可能分子机制之一。展示了中国运动员和汉人mtDNA HVR Ⅰ多态性，及其与运动能力关联性研究的结果，并对比分析了限制性酶切、直接测序、活细胞培养等方法对mtDNA多态性与运动能力的研究结果，发现众多研究结果还存在不少争议，仍需进一步深入研究。mtDNA作为良好的遗传标记，对其单核苷酸多态性(SNP)的分析及其与运动能力表型的关联研究和分子遗传学探讨具有重要意义和研究前景。 相似文献
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柔道运动是一项运动员之间直接对抗的运动项目，其运动损伤具有明显的不可预测性。所有引起运动损伤的原因中，运动员的比赛级别和运动员个人得意技是两种相对固定的因素，因此也必然存在其内在的规律，通过对数据的分析，掌握这些规律，对预防运动损伤的发生有着重要的意义。 相似文献
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高校学生体育运动中的运动创伤调查现状 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
为研究高校学生体育中的运动创伤调查研究的现状，探讨对学生运动损伤的医务监督的目的、方法、措施；本文通过查阅大量文献，对国内高校学生体育中的运动创伤调查进行综述，发现国内高校学生体育中的运动创伤调查多以体育专业学生和大学生运动员对对象，研究方法多为现况调查，内容涉及调查者的基本情况、运动创伤的部位及组织器官、运动创伤的性质、运动创伤的原因、致伤项目、致伤动作以及致伤过程、伤后即时处理和运动损伤的诊断、治疗、康复的过程及方法；并认为对普通学生和残障学生的运动损伤的医务监督较为忽视，俱乐部运动损伤的医务监督也很薄弱，对民族传统项目和新兴的体育运动项目研究较少，研究方法有待进一步改进和提高，运动创伤的调查有待进一步深入研究。 相似文献
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成就目标取向对青少年网球运动员自我妨碍的影响及其与运动
成绩的相关研究 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
目的：了解青少年网球运动员成就目标取向和自我妨碍的现状，并探讨与运动成绩的关系。方法：采用自我妨碍量表和4 分成就目标量表
调查参加网球锦标赛的160 名运动员。结果处理采用相关分析和回归分析技术。结果：（1）自我妨碍与掌握接近目标负相关，与掌握回避目标和
成绩回避目标正相关。掌握接近目标、成绩接近目标与运动成绩正相关。自我妨碍与运动成绩负相关。（2）成就目标取向对运动成绩既有直接作
用，又有间接作用；自我妨碍在成就目标对运动成绩的影响中发挥着中介作用。（3）成就目标取向有年龄和性别的差异，自我妨碍在性别和运动
等级上存在着显著差异，但交互作用都不显著。 相似文献
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学校体育教学训练中运动损伤的原因、特点及预防 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
在体育运动中，运动损伤是十分常见的。这是因为动作的难度越来越高，训练的时间越来越长(要高质量、准确无误的完成动作)，机体的负荷越来越大，从而导致了损伤发病率的增高。运动损伤不仅影响正常的比赛和训练，妨碍运动成绩提高，而且一旦发生，常不易恢复，甚至可以缩短运动寿命，造成身体残疾。给国家和人民造成人力和财力的巨大浪费。因此，作好运动损伤的预防工作，对保证学生的健康，积极开展体育运动、提高运动成绩，有非常重要的现实意义。一、运动损伤特点运动损伤有如下特点：其一，它和技术动作、训练方法有密切关系；其二，急… 相似文献
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通过在高校健美课中进行运动处方教学的应用研究，探讨健美运动处方教学对大学生健身意识和课外锻炼的影响j研究结果表明：运动处方教学对大学生科学健身意识的形成有重要的影响作用；运动处方教学能有效提高大学生自我锻炼能力，更好地指导学生进行课外锻炼，对大学生体育锻炼习惯的形成具有积极的影响作用。 相似文献
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运动对动脉血压的影响及其机制 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
综述了运动对动脉血压的影响及其机制。发现运动时动脉血压升高，而且与运动的方式，强度和持续时间密切相关；运动后可以出现低血压反应；运动对高血压病的早期诊断和治疗具有十分重要的意义。指出这些影响是许多因素共同作用的结果，其中包括中央命令机制、肾一交感神经活动、血液动力学、血液流度学、肌肉代谢反射和机械反射的作用，但有不一致的认识；有关运动后低血压反应和静力性运动的血压反应的研究还很有限，需要进一步研究。 相似文献
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旨在研究非负荷运动对雌激素缺乏引起的骨质疏松的影响。将成年雌性大鼠40只，随机分为4组(对照组、骨质疏松组、运动I组、运动厦组)，每组10只，骨质疏松组及运动组开腹切除双例卵巢后缝合，4d后开始实验。运用游泳方式，时间30min，每周6次，对照组、骨质疏松组置水中30min不运动。实验第12周结束。抽血处死，取后肢骨做骨强度及骨病理检查，血作雌激素到定。结果发现雌性大鼠去卵巢后雌性激素下降，骨结构疏松，骨强度下降；非负荷运动减缓雌激素缺乏引起的骨量丢失，增强管强度，抑制骨组织吸收，有提升雌激素水平的趋势。雌激素减少后运动开始的时间越早，抑制骨吸收效果越好。 相似文献
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《European Journal of Sport Science》2013,13(2):152-160
Abstract The synergistic stimulating effect of combined intake of carbohydrate and protein on plasma insulin concentration has been reported previously. However, it remains unclear whether the amount of protein ingested after exercise affects the concentrations of plasma insulin and amino acids. This study of trained men compared the effects of post-exercise co-ingestion of carbohydrate plus different amounts of whey protein hydrolysates (WPHs) with carbohydrate alone on (1) blood biochemical parameters of carbohydrate metabolism during the post-exercise phase, and (2) endurance performance. Eight trained men exercised continuously for 70 min. Immediately after exercise and 30, 60, 90, and 120 min later, the participants received supplements containing: (1) 17.5 g carbohydrate, (2) 3.0 g WPHs and 17.5 g carbohydrate (L-WPH), or (3) 8.0 g WPHs and 17.5 g carbohydrate (H-WPH). After a 2-h recovery period, the participants performed an endurance performance test. The concentrations of blood glucose were lower and plasma insulin significantly higher in the H-WPH trial compared with the carbohydrate trial. The concentrations of plasma amino acids were increased in a dose-dependent manner following ingestion of different amounts of WPHs with carbohydrate. Endurance performance was not significantly different between the three trials. Co-ingestion of carbohydrate and H-WPH was more effective than ingestion of carbohydrate alone for stimulating insulin secretion and increasing the availability of plasma amino acids. These results suggest that plasma concentrations of amino acids during the recovery period are determined by the amount of dietary protein ingested, and that it is necessary to increase the concentration of plasma amino acids above a certain level to stimulate insulin secretion. 相似文献
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Weitkunat T Knechtle B Knechtle P Rüst CA Rosemann T 《Journal of sports sciences》2012,30(10):1003-1013
Body mass changes during ultra-endurance performances have been described for running, cycling and for swimming in a heated pool. The present field study of 20 male and 11 female open-water swimmers investigated the changes in body composition and hydration status during an ultra-endurance event. Body mass, both estimated fat mass and skeletal muscle mass, haematocrit, plasma sodium concentration ([Na+]) and urine specific gravity were determined. Energy intake, energy expenditure and fluid intake were estimated. Males experienced significant reductions in body mass (-0.5 %) and skeletal muscle mass (-1.1 %) (P < 0.05) during the race compared to females who showed no significant changes with regard to these variables (P > 0.05). Changes in percent body fat, fat mass, and fat-free mass were heterogeneous and did not reach statistical significance (P > 0.05) between gender groups. Fluid intake relative to plasma volume was higher in females than in males during the ultra-endurance event. Compared to males, females' average increase in haematocrit was 3.3 percentage points (pp) higher, urine specific gravity decrease 0.1 pp smaller, and plasma [Na+] 1.3 pp higher. The observed patterns of fluid intake, changes in plasma volume, urine specific gravity, and plasma [Na+] suggest that, particularly in females, a combination of fluid shift from blood vessels to interstitial tissue, facilitated by skeletal muscle damage, as well as exercise-associated hyponatremia had occurred. To summarise, changes in body composition and hydration status are different in male compared to female open-water ultra-endurance swimmers. 相似文献
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Roy J. Shephard 《Journal of sports sciences》2016,34(10):929-936
The human spleen shows a decrease in volume of around 40% early during vigorous exercise and in response to other stressful stimuli such as maximal apnoea and the breathing of hypoxic gas mixtures. Contraction seems an active response, mediated by alpha-adrenergic fibres in the splenic nerve. Given the relatively small size of the human spleen, the effect upon physical performance is likely to be small; the augmentation of total blood volume is <2%, and even taking account of other causes of haemoconcentration during vigorous exercise, the increase of haematocrit is <10%. However, one of two studies suggested that the haemoconcentration may be sufficient to cause errors in the traditional method for calculating exercise-induced changes of plasma volume. The spleen also contributes leucocytes and platelets to the general circulation as part of the “fight or flight” reaction to stressors. The mobilisation of leucocytes proceeds more slowly than that of the red cells; it depends not only upon an active contraction of the spleen, but also a modulation of leucocyte adhesion molecules. Splenectomy impairs exercise performance in horses, but human performance data are lacking; overall health effects seem minimal, and many patients live many years after removal of their spleens. 相似文献
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Nine male triathletes were studied during 160 min of exercise at 65% VO2 max on two occasions to examine the effect of glucose polymer ingestion on energy and fluid balance. During one trial they received 200 ml of a 10% glucose polymer solution at 20 min intervals during exercise (CHO), while in the other they received an equal volume of a sweet placebo (CON). On average, blood glucose levels (CON = 4.2 +/- 0.2 mmol l-1, CHO = 4.8 +/- 0.1, mean +/- S.E.) and respiratory exchange ratios (CON = 0.84 +/- 0.01, CHO = 0.87 +/- 0.01) during exercise were higher (P less than 0.05) as a result of the glucose polymer ingestion. There were no differences between trials, however, in the estimated plasma volume changes during exercise. Exercise time to exhaustion at an intensity corresponding to 110% VO2 max, performed 5 min after the submaximal exercise, was not influenced by glucose polymer ingestion. Relative to a control exercise bout conducted without prior exercise, however, sprint performance and postexercise blood lactate accumulation were impaired in both trials. It is concluded that glucose polymer ingestion maintains blood glucose levels and a high rate of carbohydrate oxidation during prolonged exercise, without compromising fluid balance. 相似文献
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A key goal of pre-exercise nutritional strategies is to maximize carbohydrate stores, thereby minimizing the ergolytic effects of carbohydrate depletion. Increased dietary carbohydrate intake in the days before competition increases muscle glycogen levels and enhances exercise performance in endurance events lasting 90 min or more. Ingestion of carbohydrate 3-4 h before exercise increases liver and muscle glycogen and enhances subsequent endurance exercise performance. The effects of carbohydrate ingestion on blood glucose and free fatty acid concentrations and carbohydrate oxidation during exercise persist for at least 6 h. Although an increase in plasma insulin following carbohydrate ingestion in the hour before exercise inhibits lipolysis and liver glucose output, and can lead to transient hypoglycaemia during subsequent exercise in susceptible individuals, there is no convincing evidence that this is always associated with impaired exercise performance. However, individual experience should inform individual practice. Interventions to increase fat availability before exercise have been shown to reduce carbohydrate utilization during exercise, but do not appear to have ergogenic benefits. 相似文献
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文章以当前运动营养研究成果为理论基础,使用复合营养物质,通过纯肌酸、谷氨酰胺、强化多肽片和运动饮料的组合,充分发挥复合营养素的协同作用,达到从整体上提高训练效果的目的。举重、皮划艇项目运动员进行运动营养组合调控5—6周后,运动员体脂百分率降低,在不明显增加体重的情况下,肌肉量增加,承受大负荷训练能力提高,减轻大负荷训练... 相似文献
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1,6-二磷酸果糖对游泳大鼠心肌组织的保护作用 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
房冬梅 《山东体育学院学报》2001,(4)
研究了 1,6 -二磷酸果糖 (FDP)对一次性游泳大鼠心肌组织磷酸果糖激酶 (PFK)、丙酮酸激酶 (PK)、超氧化物歧化酶 (SOD)、Na 、K -ATP酶的活性 ,MDA含量及血浆中谷草转氨酶 (GOT)、肌酸激酶 (CK)和血乳酸含量 ,以探讨FDP对大强度运动大鼠心肌组织的代谢和细胞膜稳定性的作用。和对照组相比 ,服用FDP使大鼠安静时心肌PFK活性明显升高 ,运动中PFK维持在较高水平 ,PK活性无明显变化 ,Na 、K -ATP酶活性明显升高 ,运动时心肌组织丙二醛 (MDA)含量增加的幅度下降 ,SOD活性无明显变化 ,安静时血浆CK活性降低 ,运动后血浆GOT和CK活性降低 ,服用FDP可使PFK活性升高更快 ,血浆中GOT和CK恢复加快。结果显示 ,FDP能促进心肌组织糖酵解代谢 ,对运动大鼠心肌细胞膜有一定保护作用 ,能够促进运动后心肌细胞膜功能的恢复。 相似文献