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洪洞通背拳是一支土生土长的传统拳术,在其主要拳势套路中包含有108个不同形态、仿形取意的拳法和招式,其中包含了对动物行为、人物形象和生物造型等方面的仿生,这些仿生性拳势不仅突出了生物的形态特征,而且蕴藏着丰富的技击原理。因此,对洪洞通背拳的仿生学研究,将更深入的探索武术在形成和发展中的技术和文化内涵,同时也拓展了仿生学的研究领域。文章采用文献资料法,运用仿生学、动物行为学、社会学等学科的基本理论,对洪洞通背拳的仿生技术和文化进行深入分析,进一步挖掘中国武术仿生学原理以及在当代社会和仿生学的现实意义,为武术仿生学的发展和创新提供参考。 相似文献
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随着社会的发展陶瓷制备工艺越来越精湛,陶瓷的质量也有了显著的提高,通过对陶瓷制备原理的分析,使人们更加清晰认识陶瓷,从而更好的扩展陶瓷的应用领域。陶瓷作为应用广泛的一种材料,陶瓷的质量备受人们的关注,而陶瓷的吸水率是判断陶瓷质量的重要指标之一。本文根据陶瓷结构和性能对陶瓷进行分类,并且通过实验来测量了陶瓷的吸水率。 相似文献
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目的:运用主观测试量表评价羽毛球运动鞋的舒适度。方法:以上海体育学院16名羽毛球运动员为测试对象,使用美国某公司运动科学研究室提供的感知测试量表进行了试穿实验,测试了两款不同品牌羽毛球专用鞋的鞋尖内部高度、鞋尖内部宽度、脚最宽处周长、脚腰/脚背、脚后跟和长等不同部位的穿着舒适度以及足底黏附性、前足柔韧性、脚后跟缓冲、脚后跟响应、脚后跟稳定性、后跟-脚趾过渡、前脚缓冲和整体感觉等不同性能指标。结果:从总体舒适度量表(General Fit Ballot)的各指标来看,除了鞋长度指标外,A鞋的其余各指标都存在一定的问题;从鞋性能动态测试量表(Dynamic Ballot)中喜爱程度(Liking)各指标来看,鞋A在脚后跟缓冲、后跟-脚趾过渡、前脚缓冲、足底黏附性、前足柔韧性等方面依然有很多不足,有待继续改进;对于鞋性能动态测试量表(Dynamic Ballot)指标强度(Intensity)而言,A鞋的足底黏附性(Underfoot Traction)和前足柔韧性(Forefoot Flexibility)明显不足、前足柔韧性和脚后跟稳定性明显有缺憾。结论:该量表适宜评价运动鞋的舒适度和相关运动性能,是运动鞋设计... 相似文献
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目的:了解传统氯化消毒方式产生的副产物对游泳训练效果的影响,并利用组织病理学和基于核磁共振(NMR)的代谢组学方法分析这种影响产生的原因及其生理、生化机制.方法:SD雄性大鼠12只,随机分为对照组与实验组各6只,进行为期10周的渐增负荷游泳训练.实验组游泳池水按照普通游泳池水质标准投入次氯酸钙氯化消毒;对照组游泳池水为纯净水.10周训练结束后,首先收集尿样,做代谢组学分析;然后进行负重耐力游泳能力测试,记录大鼠游泳至力竭的时间;测试完成后,大鼠休息2天(48 h),断头处死,取肺进行组织病理切片.结果:实验组大鼠游泳至力竭的时间为28.97±2.55 min,明显低于对照组的39.15±9.85 min(P＜0.05);大部分大鼠肺泡壁出现了毛细血管扩张充血,肺泡腔有水肿液,但是未见器质性病变,实验组和对照组检测结果基本一致,没有明显差异;实验组大鼠代谢表型(1H NMR代谢指纹图谱)与对照组相比出现了明显的、有群体性特征的变化,其中主要代谢标志物为:γ-氨基丁酸、丙酮酸和马尿酸.结论:按标准剂量对游泳池水投放含氯消毒剂进行氯化消毒没有引起受训大鼠肺部出现器质性病变,但是对耐力游泳训练效果有一定的不良影响,氯化消毒副产物诱发的肝脏解毒功能亢奋和机体代谢表型的变化可能是这一影响产生的主要原因. 相似文献
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目的 探讨不同编队位置对核心运动员气动阻力的影响以及与单人竞走情况相比的气动减阻效果,并量化评估不同编队策略对竞走成绩的影响。方法 选取由不同国家队竞走运动员人数组成的编队模拟不同竞走场景,通过风洞试验获取不同编队位置核心运动员的气动阻力。风洞试验内容包括核心运动员单人测试、双人编队测试、3人编队测试、4人编队测试。结果 与单人竞走情况相比,双人编队中核心运动员位于辅助运动员的正后方时气动阻力减小最为明显,减阻率可达64.9%,此编队站位为相对最佳双人编队;3人编队中核心运动员位于其他2名辅助运动员沿着运动方向连线的中间时气动阻力减小最为明显,减阻率可达79.9%,此编队站位为相对最佳3人编队;4人编队中核心运动员位于其他3名辅助运动员组成的V型编队的正后方时气动阻力减小最为明显,减阻率可达83.8%,此编队站位为相对最佳4人编队。在50 km竞走比赛中,与单人竞走成绩相比,若采用相对最佳双人编队策略,比赛成绩将至少提升约3.89%;若采用相对最佳3人编队策略,比赛成绩将至少提升约4.79%;若采用相对最佳4人编队策略,比赛成绩将至少提升约5.03%。结论 不同编队位置下竞走项目核心运... 相似文献
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运动鞋性能指标及测试方法研究 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1
通过查阅、分析大量有关运动鞋性能的文献资料，根据可借鉴的数据和方法理论，结合运动鞋的物理性质，阐述了运动鞋性能指标测试的目的和意义，确定运动鞋性能指标（防滑性能、减震性能、透气性能、鞋内材料吸放湿性能、鞋底厚度与体重的关系、鞋尖翘度等）的测试原理以及测试方法．对其发展趋势作了预测；为运动鞋性能检测方法的研究和测试提供参考，并为研究和制订国家运动鞋业的行业标准提供科学理论依据。 相似文献
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对游泳教学中漂浮滑行技术原理及动作结构的研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
在相关参考文献和实践经验总结的基础上, 运用理论推论与分析相结合的方法对游泳教学中漂浮 滑行技术原理及动作结构的研究,结果说明:漂浮滑行 是人体水中平卧展体,重心浮心平衡理论与人体状态 反射效应的有机结合,认识此中奥妙并掌握科学的动 作结构对于游泳教学有重要指导作用。 相似文献
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在相关参考文献和实践经验总结的基础上,运用理论推论与分析相结合的方法对游泳教学中漂浮滑行技术原理及动作结构的研究,结果说明:漂浮滑行是人体水中平卧展体,重心浮心平衡理论与人体状态反射效应的有机结合,认识其中奥妙并掌握科学的动作结构对于游泳教学有重要指导作用。 相似文献
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石油作为当前社会生产的重要资源,在社会经济发展中起到重要作用。但是由于石油是不可再生能源,而市场需求又不断增多,为了能够尽可能的满足石油需求,就必须要对深层石油进行有效开发利用,避免开发中的石油浪费。而在石油开采过程中,常常会遇到水油层开采难题,此时采取稳油控水的开采方法是一种较为经济有效的手段。本文首先分析稳油控水措施的应用背景,并以某油田强底水油层的开采为例,来详细分析稳油控水的实际应用方法和应用效果,以供参考。 相似文献
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Huub M. Toussaint Martin Truijens Meint‐Jan Elzinga Ad Van de Ven Henk de best Bart Snabel 《Sports biomechanics / International Society of Biomechanics in Sports》2013,12(1):1-10
Abstract The effect on drag of a Speedo Fast‐skin suit compared to a conventional suit was studied in 13 subjects (6 males, 7 females) swimming at different velocities between 1.0 and 2.0 m?s‐1. The active drag force was directly measured during front crawl swimming using a system of underwater push‐off pads instrumented with a force transducer (MAD system). For a range of swimming speeds (1.1, 1.3, 1.5 and 1.7 m?s‐1), drag values were estimated. On a group level, a statistically non‐significant drag reduction effect of 2% was observed for the Fast‐skin suit (p = 0.31). Therefore, the 7.5% reduction in drag claimed by the swimwear manufacturer was not corroborated. 相似文献
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Toussaint HM Truijens M Elzinga MJ van de Ven A de Best H Snabel B de Groot G 《Sports biomechanics / International Society of Biomechanics in Sports》2002,1(1):1-10
The effect on drag of a Speedo Fast-skin suit compared to a conventional suit was studied in 13 subjects (6 males, 7 females) swimming at different velocities between 1.0 and 2.0 m.s-1. The active drag force was directly measured during front crawl swimming using a system of underwater push-off pads instrumented with a force transducer (MAD system). For a range of swimming speeds (1.1, 1.3, 1.5 and 1.7 m.s-1), drag values were estimated. On a group level, a statistically non-significant drag reduction effect of 2% was observed for the Fast-skin suit (p = 0.31). Therefore, the 7.5% reduction in drag claimed by the swimwear manufacturer was not corroborated. 相似文献
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Fluid forces on kayak paddle blades of different design 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
Three kayak paddle blades of different design (Conventional, Norwegian, Turbo) were tested in a low-speed wind tunnel at a
maximum chord Reynolds number of Re = 2.2–2.7 × 105 (corresponding to speed through water of ≈1 m/s). The mean drag force and side force acting on each blade were measured,
as the yaw and pitch angles were varied. The results were compared with those recorded for a finite rectangular flat plate
of similar area and aspect ratio. For zero pitch angle of the blades, the results indicate that the drag coefficient was mostly
independent of the blade design as the yaw angle was varied between ± 20°, with only the Norwegian blade design displaying
a marginally higher drag coefficient than either of the other two blades or the flat plate. Increasing the pitch angle to
30°, while maintaining the yaw angle at zero, resulted in a 23% reduction of the drag coefficient for the flat plate, but
only a 15% reduction of the drag coefficients for the three blades. For all designs, the drag coefficient reduction followed
a simple cosine relationship as the pitch angle or yaw angle was increased. The wind tunnel experiments revealed that the
side force coefficients for all three paddle blade designs were entirely independent of the blade design and were indistinguishable
from those recorded for a flat plate. In summary, the study showed that the nondimensional force coefficients are largely
independent of the paddle blade design. 相似文献
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在游泳教学中,如何用量化的指标来科学地评判游泳者的游泳能力一直是游泳学界研究的热点。本文通过检测游泳能力掌握程度的不同对人体水中俯卧滑行能力的影响,讨论不同游泳能力者俯卧滑行能力的差异,反映游泳熟练程度对被动阻力的影响,来检验俯卧滑行能否作为评判游泳能力的强烈因子。选取华南师范大学体育专业38名身体健康的大学生按游泳能力的不同分为三组(平均年龄19岁,身高1.72cm,体重64.23kg)作为实验对象分别测量俯卧滑行的距离。要求实验对象采用双手置于头前蹬边滑行的方式进行测试,以手到池边的距离为测量距离。采用单因素方差分析检验俯卧滑行距离是否存在组间差异。结果表明,游泳能力会影响俯卧滑行距离(被动阻力)。不同水平游泳者其俯卧滑行的距离在统计学中有显著性差异,说明俯卧滑行能力可以作为评判游泳能力的强烈因子。 相似文献
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Olaf Ueberschär Axel Schleichardt Laura Buchhop Ina Fichtner Thomas Moeller 《Sports Engineering》2018,21(4):379-388
To quantify swimwear-induced differences under triathlon-specific conditions, we compare the swimming performance, the metabolic cost, and the standardised passive drag of well-trained triathletes when wearing (1) five speedsuit models by different manufacturers from 2017, (2) usual swimming trunks/swimsuits (men/women), and (3) individually preferred competition trisuits. Because of the complexity of the underlying hydrodynamic and biomechanical effects, three separate experimental stages were realized, each with 6–12 well-trained short- and middle-distance triathletes (male and female, mean age 22?±?5 years) from the German national elite or junior elite level. All measurements were conducted on the basis of real athletes’ motion in the water to correctly account for all relevant effects, including skin and muscle vibrations. First, the athletes took part in a series of 100 m short-distance tests at maximal effort in a long-course pool to quantify swim-time differences in absolute terms. Second, the subjects completed multiple submaximal 400 m tests at 95% of their individual maximal speed in a swimming flume, with their swimwear-related differences in metabolic load being explored in terms of blood lactate and heart rate. Third, the passive drag of the triathletes was measured in the flume during a towing test under standardised conditions in velocity steps of 0.2 m/s within the triathlon-relevant range of 1.1–1.7 m/s. In all three test stages, the speedsuits exhibited performance advantages over trunks/swimsuits: in the 100 m maximal test, the mean swim time with speedsuits decreased by 0.99?±?0.30 s (????1.5%). During the 400 m submaximal flume test, the mean heart rate showed a reduction of 7?±?2 bpm (? ??4.0%), while the post-exercise blood lactate accumulation decreased by 1.0?±?0.2 mmol/L (? ??26.2%). Similarly, the passive drag in the towing test was lowered by 3.2?±?1.0 W (????6.9% as for normalised power and ??5.2% as for normalised force) for the speedsuits. Wearing speedsuits instead of usual trunks/swimsuits is shown to improve the swimming performance and to reduce the metabolic cost for well-trained triathletes under triathlon-specific test conditions. The reduction in passive drag of the passively towed athlete’s body due specific speedsuit surface textures seems to be only one reason for performance advantages: the effective reduction in muscular, soft tissue, and skin vibrations at the trunk and thighs during active propulsive motion of the swimmer seems to further contribute substantially. 相似文献
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A badminton shuttlecock flies in a high-drag, and thus, the sport has been a subject of research from the point of view of aerodynamics. A badminton shuttlecock generates significant aerodynamic drag and has a complex flight trajectory. It also has the smallest ballistic coefficient and exhibits the largest in-flight deceleration of any airborne sporting projectile. The ballistic coefficient of a projectile is a measure of its ability to overcome air resistance in flight and is inversely proportional to deceleration. The primary objectives of this study were to measure the aerodynamic properties of feather shuttlecocks under a range of the wind speed (10–60 m/s) and pitch angle (0°–25°). In particular, measurements of aerodynamic forces were performed at high Reynolds numbers (more than Re = 210,000), and the effect of shuttlecock deformation on aerodynamic properties was also investigated, because it is presumed that the flight dynamics is affected by the deformation of the shuttlecock skirt. A shuttlecock skirt is composed of an array of diverging stems, the ends of which are at the convergent end of the skirt, joined together in an end ring. The shuttlecock rotates about its major axis in actual flight, and thus, the experiments were performed on shuttlecocks with and without rotation (spin). Furthermore, the effect of the flow passing through the gaps between the slots (stiffeners) located at the leg portion of the shuttlecock skirt on aerodynamic characteristics is demonstrated by means of a shuttlecock model without gaps, which was completely covered with cellophane tape. The free rotation rate of a shuttlecock increased with an increase in the Reynolds number, and the drag coefficient gradually decreased above Re = 86,000 for a non-rotating shuttlecock. The reduction of drag can be explained by the deformation of the skirt observed in wind tunnel experiments at high speed. In this study, for a rotating shuttlecock, a reduction of drag was not observed over a whole range of Reynolds numbers, because deformation of the skirt for a rotating shuttlecock becomes smaller than that for a non-rotating shuttlecock. However, there was no significant difference in drag coefficient between rotating and non-rotating shuttlecocks, in contrast to the difference in drag coefficient between shuttlecocks with and without gaps. The drag coefficient for a shuttlecock without gaps was significantly smaller than that for a standard shuttlecock (with gaps). For a standard shuttlecock, the air flowed through the gaps into the shuttlecock skirt, and this flow was related to high aerodynamic drag. 相似文献
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目的:探讨补充魔芋甘露聚糖对大负荷训练大鼠肠粘膜SIgA的影响.方法:对大鼠进行为期8周,每周6次,每次150min的游泳训练并补充KOS,测定小肠IgA浆细胞和小肠粘液IgA含量指标的变化.结果:(1)8周大负荷训练后,大鼠的小肠IgA浆细胞个数、平均光密度和肠液SIgA含量呈显著性降低(P＜0.05);(2)补充KOS后大鼠小肠IgA浆细胞个数、平均光密度和肠液SIgA含量均显著高于大负荷训练组(P＜0.05).结论:在大负荷训练期间补充KOS可以调节和提高训练机体的肠粘膜IgA的免疫屏障功能. 相似文献
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Tests were conducted on three athletic shoe midsole materials and on three synthetic sports surfaces. All specimens were found to absorb energy when loaded. For a specific maximum load the amount of energy absorbed by each material was found to decrease as the load application rate increased. The materials exhibited different capacities to dissipate energy under the application of the same impulse. This may be a consideration for the injury protection afforded. The development of rheological models from the results of the tests aided an explanation of how force is resisted and energy absorbed by synthetic sports materials. Their shock absorbing properties were associated with the rheological elements of elasticity and viscosity. 相似文献
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Wind tunnel tests were carried out on seven male and seven female track cyclists and the drag measured for their current favoured racing position and for different handlebar height and separation combinations deviating from their current favoured position. The handlebars were raised or lowered using spacers on the stem, and the elbow pads were placed wider apart or closer together using the adjustment slots on the pads. The degree to which adjustments were made was dependent on the equipment used, as not all handlebars had the same amount of adjustment. The drag area was calculated from the measured drag force and the results for drag area plotted for each athlete in each position to identify the optimal handlebar position for each athlete. The results showed that the handlebar height had a greater influence on the drag area compared to handlebar separation, but that there was a high degree of variability between athletes as to the optimal handlebar position. 相似文献