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1.
2019年公布的2021年实施版《世界反兴奋剂条例》(WADC)新增“大众运动员”(Recreational Athlete)这一主体并对其进行范围界定。对比2015年实施版WADC，新规则部分解决了这类运动员适用反兴奋剂规则时，举证责任重、减轻处罚难、权利易被侵害、兴奋剂教育缺失等问题。作为WADC的签署方，中国有关方面应当及时制定全新的《反兴奋剂规则》，并修订《体育运动中兴奋剂管制通则》。针对大众运动员制定反兴奋剂规则时，应当遵循新版WADC的理念，衔接我国现行规定，并切实考虑我国的实际情况。 相似文献
2.
“孙杨案”暴露了运动员与其辅助人员，以及体育组织在反兴奋剂教育方面存在的问题。解决该问题的起点是制定反兴奋剂教育的国际规则。《反兴奋剂教育国际标准》作为反兴奋剂国际规则体系中全新的单行规范性文件，具有里程碑式的意义，它明确了反兴奋剂教育的首要基本原则，规定了签约方在制定、实施和评估教育方案时的标准、义务和责任，增强了反兴奋剂教育的可行性，但仍存在不足。由此，建议未来要统一教育与反兴奋剂教育的定义，不再在分论部分重复表述首要基本原则，删减第三部分中签约方一般义务的表述，专条规定国际(残)奥委会的角色和责任。同时，应当参照国际标准完善我国的反兴奋剂教育规则，尽量采用《反兴奋剂教育指南》的建议，建立反兴奋剂教育咨询专家库，推动反兴奋剂教育预防体系的构建。 相似文献
3.
Vassilis Barkoukis Lauren Brooke Nikos Ntoumanis Brett Smith Daniel F. Gucciardi 《Journal of sports sciences》2013,31(21):2483-2491
ABSTRACTThe present study investigated athletes’ and coaches’ beliefs about the role of athletes’ entourage in deterring or promoting doping. Competitive athletes and coaches in Greece and Australia took part in semi-structured interviews. Our analysis of the interviews produced five main themes: coach influence, peer influence, doping stance, doping stigma, and entourage’s culture. Overall, coaches and peers having a close and trusty relationship with the athletes were considered most influential with respect to doping-related decisions. The majority of the athletes held a strong anti-doping stance but could not articulate why they held this position. This inability could be ascribed to the stigmatization of doping which led to lack of knowledge and anti-doping education. Finally, an anti-doping culture in the athletes’ environment was considered central to an anti-doping stance. The study findings provide valuable information towards a comprehensive understanding of the role athletes’ entourage can play in shaping athletes’ attitudes and decision for doping. 相似文献
4.
“孙杨案”是目前关于样本采集环节讨论最具代表性的案例。实践中，反兴奋剂领域对样本采集环节规则与程序的要求均有所忽视，就该案而言，具体体现在以下三方面：采样规则的解释和适用存有争议；采样机构的管理模式较为松散；运动员缺乏及时有效的救济途径。样本采集阶段作为反兴奋剂实践中的重要环节，其严格性和规范性不仅关系到运动员权利保障，也影响到反兴奋剂工作的开展，更会对反兴奋剂体系多年构建的权威性造成冲击。对此，可从优化样本采集程序规则和完善样本采集程序运行体系入手，使得样本采集环节进一步规范化。 相似文献
5.
为了更进一步打击服用兴奋剂的行为,保持奥林匹克运动的纯洁性,国际奥委会执行委员会根据《奥林匹克宪章》的规定制定了＂奥委会规则＂。美国奥委会和国际奥委会之间因为服用兴奋剂禁赛处罚而不能在一段时间内参加奥运会的规则争议提交体育仲裁院（CAS）仲裁,CAS裁决运动员被禁赛期满后就有资格参加奥运会,否则就是对运动员的双重惩罚,违反基本的＂一事不再理＂原则,国际奥委会应对有关规则进行修改。该裁决维护了运动员参加奥运会的基本权益,也有利于反兴奋剂规则的全球统一化。 相似文献
6.
《Sport Management Review》2016,19(1):6-22
Doping testing is a key component enforced by anti-doping authorities to detect and deter doping in sport. Policy is developed to protect athletes’ right to participate in doping-free sport; and testing is a key tool to secure this right. Accordingly, athletes’ responses to anti-doping efforts are important. This article explores how the International Standards for Testing, which face different interpretations and challenges when policy is implemented, are perceived by elite athletes. Particularly, this article aims to investigate how elite athletes perceive the functioning of the testing system (i.e., the efforts of stakeholders involved in testing) in their own sport both nationally and worldwide. Moreover, it seeks to identify whether specific factors such as previous experience of testing and perceived proximity of doping have an impact on athletes’ perceptions of the testing system. The study comprises a web-based questionnaire (N = 645; response rate 43%) and uses qualitative findings to elaborate on and explain quantitative results. Results showed that two-thirds of the athletes reported the national testing programme in their sport to be appropriate. A majority of the athletes who had an opinion on the subject regarded testing programmes in some countries as not extensive enough or believed that in certain countries doping control was downgraded to win medals. Past experience of testing seemed to have a positive influence on trust in the concrete measures; however, if athletes experienced flaws during the control procedures, this could increase distrust and cause worry. The proximity of doping in an athlete's sport influenced the athlete's perception of the testing system. Particularly, athletes who need the testing system to be effective and to function well across the world show greater distrust of or dissatisfaction with the current testing system. The athletes’ diverging views indicate that contemporary anti-doping policy is simultaneously met with support, (dis)trust and frustration. By integrating the views and experiences of Danish elite athletes, this study confirms that the current testing system is confronted with obstacles, and it contributes knowledge about some of the challenges WADA faces when policy is implemented. Implications of results and recommendations for anti-doping authorities are outlined in the paper. 相似文献
7.
2021年实施版《世界反兴奋剂条例》在第五届世界反兴奋剂大会上正式获得通过，并将于2021年1月1日起正式生效。新版条例有关可卡因的规定变化颇多。对可卡因是否应被列为非特定物质，以及可卡因能否提高比赛成绩一直以来存在争议，这些争议对反兴奋剂实践影响颇深。违规背景的多样性使得运动员说明禁用物质来源的难度较大，而不同裁决机构对可卡因争议所持的不同观点易加剧处罚结果的差异化。2021年实施版《世界反兴奋剂条例》对于可卡因等社会毒品的规定的变革使得体育仲裁裁决的指引作用能够得到进一步发挥，同时也避免严格责任原则的严厉性进一步加剧。当然，在未来的反兴奋剂进程中，在不触动政府层面药物管制原则的前提下，变革禁用清单，将可卡因纳入特定物质的范畴，既可缓和有关可卡因的争议，又可增强裁决处理的一致性与稳定性，为运动员规范自身行为提供合理预期。 相似文献
8.
张俊雅 《武汉体育学院学报》2022,56(4):35-41
随着信息技术的发展,个人信息保护已成为十分重要的话题。世界反兴奋剂组织为了保障运动员等反兴奋剂活动参与者的个人信息权制定了《保护隐私和个人信息国际标准》。该标准从信息主体权利赋予,反兴奋剂组织义务承担两个方面对反兴奋剂活动中的个人信息进行保护。对该规则的考察是运动员等信息主体在反兴奋剂活动中维护其个人信息权利的基础,也是保障反兴奋剂组织涉个人信息工作合规开展的前提条件。同时,该标准仍存在运动员个人信息处理过度、个人信息安全保障欠缺、个人信息权利行使困难和信息处理者责任后果缺失的问题,相关规定有向反兴奋剂组织过度倾斜之嫌。应当对该标准的不足之处进行完善,以期实现运动员与反兴奋剂组织间的利益平衡。 相似文献
9.
对加拿大自行车运动员杰克·伯克（Jack Burke）兴奋剂违规的体育仲裁案件进行分析,从双方的争议点出发,结合处罚结果进行拓展讨论,从上诉期限的起算、运动员过错的认定以及举证过程中的证明标准和反兴奋剂教育培训义务等角度分析本案在法学方面的意义。本案启示在于：对国际自行车联盟（UCI）以及世界反兴奋剂机构（WADA）来说,上诉期限应当以“完整决定”为起算点,对“无过错或无疏忽”的认定要从严把握,同时应当保留“完全满意”的证明标准,完善对年轻运动员反兴奋剂培训的规定。对运动员来说,其良好的个人品质对于支持自己的主张,以及确定是否构成违规有重要帮助,运动员时刻需做好针对兴奋剂的合理防范措施。最后,文章结合本案对我国的反兴奋剂规则的修订给出了改进建议。 相似文献
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11.
使用兴奋剂不仅危害运动员的身心健康。而且破坏公平竞争的体育精神,甚至严重损害国家形象和荣誉。为积极预防兴奋剂问题的发生。使反兴奋剂教育和管理工作落到实处。我国在反兴奋剂宣传教育工作中,不断加强教育力度,创新教育手段和方式,拓展教育的广度和深度,提高教育的成效。在工作过程中,逐渐形成了一些常规做法, 相似文献
12.
《Sport Management Review》2015,18(2):268-279
Although the use of banned drugs in sport is not a new phenomenon, little is known about the experiences and perceptions of athletes who have committed anti-doping rule violations. This study qualitatively explored the experiences of 18 athletes (from the sports of bodybuilding, powerlifting, cricket, sprint kayak, rugby league, and swimming) who had committed anti-doping violations. Themes explored included motivations for initiating and maintaining doping, the psychology of doping, deterrents to doping, and views on current anti-doping policy. In most cases doping had started early in their careers. The perceived culture of the sport was considered central to the ‘normalization’ of doping, particularly in bodybuilding. When explaining their decision to dope, athletes engaged in processes or moral disengagement (including advantageous comparison, minimizing consequences and diffusion of responsibility). Ironically, moral arguments were perceived as the most effective deterrents to doping. Findings are discussed in relation to the difficulties in establishing credible deterrents and suggestions for the future development of anti-doping policy. 相似文献
13.
分析《世界反兴奋剂条例》确定的反兴奋剂制度关于严格责任原则,兴奋剂违规的后果对运动员权利的影响,兴奋剂违规处理程序中运动员程序权利的保护效果等问题,认为严格责任原则、禁赛处罚制度与一般法律原则并不冲突,对运动员的权利给予了足够保护,但在违规处理程序上有待改进,可考虑给予运动员更充分的程序权利。 相似文献
14.
The article reports findings on the perception of doping and anti-doping policies from four representative population surveys carried out in 1995, 1998, 2001, and 2004, as well as from a 2005 - 2006 survey of top-level athletes in Switzerland. The results show a growing public awareness for doping issues and increasing support for a comprehensive anti-doping strategy in Switzerland. The vast majority of the Swiss population and top-level athletes are strongly against doping and support a strategy that combines strict prohibition and sanctioning with informational and educational efforts. The perception of the doping issue and the strategic preferences in fighting doping stated by the public are largely in line with the current anti-doping strategy followed by the Swiss authorities. The results thus suggest a successful use of information resources by the authorities to create public awareness and to communicate its strategy. 相似文献
15.
Carwyn Jones 《体育哲学杂志》2013,40(2):251-267
D’Angelo and Tamburrini invited readers to consider doping in sport as a health issue and dopers as potential addicts who need therapy rather than offenders who need punishing. The issue of addiction in sport is important and very much under researched. In this essay I explore the extent to which addiction can be justifiably used as an excuse for offending behaviour. The favoured argument is that addicts experience a craving or compulsion to use over which they have no control. I argue that there is insufficient evidence that addicts experience such compulsion. Although it seems science is unravelling some of the mysteries of addiction, it has not provided sufficient evidence that addictive consumption amounts to compulsive use. Nevertheless, it is clear that addicts do have difficulty with controlling their use and such difficulties ought to be considered in any judgements about moral responsibility. This does not mean that rules or laws including anti-doping legislation should be altered because not all those who fall foul are addicted. Moreover, accepting responsibility and punishment for the consequences of their actions (including anti-doping rules) is an important part of therapy for addicts. 相似文献
16.
澳大利亚反兴奋剂政策研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
研究目的:体育运动中泛滥的兴奋剂问题,已经成为阻碍世界体育可持续的重要问题,各国纷纷启动对反兴奋剂政策的立法问题,研究澳大利亚反兴奋剂政策具有一定的比较借鉴意义。研究方法:文献资料法、逻辑分析法等。研究结果和结论:澳大利亚反兴奋剂政策得到了参议院调查委员会的支持,澳大利亚政府通过体育和休闲内阁会议,进一步支持澳大利亚反兴奋剂组织的政策立法活动,建立澳大利亚国家精英运动员药检机制,对涉及体育运动中的兴奋剂问题实行严厉监管。 相似文献
17.
我国反兴奋剂处罚机制重视实体处罚而忽视程序救济之特点长期为学术界和体育界所诟病。人权保护原则、惩罚与救济相适应原则、程序正义原则为反兴奋剂处罚之救济提供了坚实的法理依据。借鉴域外相关经验，仲裁并辅之司法介入的方式对反兴奋剂处罚予以救济是实现反兴奋剂有效管理的制度闭环，考虑到目前国际形势和在我国现实国情，应将运动员在反兴奋剂处罚方面的程序性权利作为立法根基，同时建立行业内仲裁和适当司法介入机制为反兴奋剂处罚提供救济。 相似文献
18.
基于唯物辩证法的理论视角,对世界反兴奋剂机构(WADA)出台的运动员行踪报告制度的合法性基础进行了辩证考察。研究结果和结论:道德教化让人们开始接受世界反兴奋剂机构的反兴奋剂行动和零容忍政策,以及运动员行踪信息系统,反应了公众或体育业界的基本主张。虽然精英运动员具有一定的自由选择权利,但是精英运动员作为严格质量控制的特殊商品,从一开始就必须接受一种完全被安排的生活方式,其中包括已经设计好的营养摄取量、睡眠方式、全日制训练安排、心理治疗、自我控制以及其它控制制度。 相似文献
19.
《反兴奋剂运动员权利规则》是由世界反兴奋剂机构下属的运动员委员会制定,执行委员会批准通过的首个明确规定运动员在反兴奋剂活动中权利的文件。作为运动员参与反兴奋剂活动的基础,该文件的制定与修订争议不断,多集中于文件名称、法律地位及其内容中不具有强制执行力的部分。在体育组织的干预下,起草者修改了文件的名称并澄清“这不是一份法律文件”,使该文件的意义与价值存疑。建议在日后的修订中慎重考虑文件名称的匹配性,在厘清该文件与《世界反兴奋剂条例》及国际标准关系的基础上,赋予其法律效力或给予象征性法律规则的地位,完善对受侵犯权利救济的指引,加快建立申诉处理机制。 相似文献