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1.
用水文特征参数变化表征人类活动水文效应的初步研究 总被引：10，自引：2，他引：10
该文以地处半干旱地区的河北省张家口云州水库流域为研究对象，基于多年径流变化规律，探讨和归纳了评估流域人类活动水文效应的若干参数，并就这些参数值进行了分析。结果表明：研究时段内，研究流域年均流量呈明显的下降趋势且波动幅度明显减小，年均降水的上升或下降趋势并不太明显，径流变化对降水变化的响应程度趋于迟缓，而年径流系数、平均洪峰流量、径流年内分配不均匀系数、径流变羞系数等水文特征参数均表现出下降趋势，初步得出了云州水库流域径流量的变化主要是土地利用和小水利工程建设等人类活动作用结果的结论。 相似文献
2.
高寒山区可能不同程度地覆盖冰川,从而对发育于此的河川径流产生贡献。估算冰川融水对河川径流贡献率在水文学、气候变化对雪冰流域影响以及雪冰流域水资源管理各方面均具有重要意义。由于高寒山区流域地形、冰川复杂,检测困难,定量冰川融水对河川径流的贡献率一直是个难题。本文尝试采用具有降雨、积雪、冰川水文过程模拟能力的分布式水文模型模拟流域产流过程和径流过程,以冰川融水及冰融水产流量占河川径流的比例来近似代替对径流的贡献率。在天山库玛拉克河流域的应用结果表明:1961-2007年库玛拉克河流域冰川融水及冰融水对河川径流的贡献率分别为53%和27%,且补给主要在夏季(6-8月)。根据1961-2007年的气象数据和模拟结果,随着气温和降水的变化,冰川融水及冰融水对径流贡献率均呈略微上升趋势,且冰融水与降水有较好的负相关性,在降水较少年代对径流具有重要"补偿"作用。 相似文献
3.
基于径流模拟的汉江上游区水资源对气候变化响应的研究 总被引：25，自引：4，他引：25
本文简要介绍了基于水文过程的、具有较强物理机制的流域分布式水文模型SWAT.然后由遥感和地理信息系统手段得到流域的土壤类型与植被覆盖及雨量气象站点分布图,通过改进的SWAT气象模拟器模拟出缺乏实测的日气象资料,再结合实测的降雨资料作为SWAT模型的输入,对两河口流域1981年～1985年进行年月径流模拟,并利用汉江上游地区两河口流域1981年～1985年5年间的年、月径流量实测资料,以月径流模拟的N-S模型效率系数为主要指标,对SWAT模型中3个最敏感参数ESCO、AWC和CN2进行敏感性分析,进而率定出使得月模拟效果最佳的参数值或参数变化值.参数率定后月径流模拟N-S模型效率系数达0.913,对数误差为0.339,峰值误差为-0.083.在5年准确月径流模拟基础上,以全球变化背景可能出现的25种不同气候变化模式为假设条件,研究了该流域径流及实际蒸发的响应,分析指出汉江流域降水的变化对水资源的影响要大于气温的变化对水资源的影响,降水增加或气温降低都会导致径流增加,而降水增加或气温增加都会导致实际蒸发的增加. 相似文献
4.
作为连接六国的跨境河流,澜沧江—湄公河（澜湄）流域的径流变化与流域内各国以及相关地区的社会经济发展和生产生活方式密切相关。为深入了解澜湄流域地表水资源的时空变化特性及主要影响因素,本文基于1961—2015年澜湄流域气象水文资料,分析了澜湄流域径流变化趋势和突变特征,构建了体现澜湄流域特性的SWAT水文模型,定量评估了气候变化和人类活动对澜湄流域径流变化的影响。主要结论为：①年尺度上,澜湄流域径流在旧州站变化趋势不明显,在允景洪站呈显著下降趋势,在万象和上丁站呈先下降后上升趋势;季节尺度上,各水文站旱、雨季径流变化趋势与年尺度基本一致,旱季径流量变化幅度较小,雨季径流量变化幅度较大。②1998—2000年为全流域径流发生突变的集中期,因此将各区域径流的变化期划分为2000年之前和之后两部分。③气候变化对澜湄流域径流的影响程度自上游到下游逐渐减小,人类活动的影响程度则逐渐加大,且人类活动对旱季径流的影响程度大于雨季。本文结果有助于了解澜湄流域水资源现状和变化趋势,为澜湄流域水资源合理利用以及“一带一路”沿线国家的社会经济可持续发展提供参考和借鉴。 相似文献
5.
青藏高原平均海拔4000m以上,气候恶劣。区域内产汇流规律复杂且水文实测资料稀缺,给流域水文模拟和分析带来诸多挑战。文章选用HBV水文模型在卡鲁雄曲流域进行水文模拟,数据资料包括卡鲁雄曲翁果水文站2010-2015年逐日降水、气温、观测流量等数据。结果表明,模型在率定期、验证期Nash系数分别达到0.82、0.84,HBV水文模型在卡鲁雄曲流域有较好的适用性。但是受到高寒气候影响和水文资料代表性较差的原因,HBV模型在高流量和低流量部分的流量模拟上表现差,相较于实际观测,模拟的径流总量估计出现低估,但总体来说HBV水文模型在卡鲁雄曲流域有较好的适用性。 相似文献
6.
长江上游流域径流变化与分布式水文模拟 总被引：11，自引：3，他引：8
研究长江洪水和水资源问题,对于长江流域的可持续发展极为重要。本文以长江上游流域16个主要控制站径流观测数据为基础,对长江上游流域径流变化及其影响原因进行分析。结果表明,除金沙江流域径流微弱增加外,其他流域径流都有一定程度的减少趋势,其中岷江流域高场、横江流域横江、沱江流域李家湾、嘉陵江流域小河坝、武胜、北碚等站的径流显著减少,长江上游干流控制站寸滩站径流则微弱减少。针对流域气候变化与人类活动对水资源量的变化影响,建立大尺度分布式月水量平衡模型,将模型应用于长江上游的7个区间,模拟结果表明模型精度较高。最后应用分布式月水量平衡模型定量识别气候变化及人类活动对流域径流变化的贡献率,长江上游寸滩站径流减少,气候变化是主要影响因素,贡献率为71.43%;而岷江和嘉陵江流域的径流减小,人类活动贡献率大约占到一半。 相似文献
7.
气候变化下石羊河流域径流模拟与影响量化 总被引：2，自引：2，他引：0
石羊河流域是河西走廊水资源利用率最高、供需矛盾最突出的地区.本文选取石羊河中上游流域为对象,基于流域水文模型SWAT,研究1988年-2005年以及未来多种气候情景下出山口径流的变化特征,探讨气候变化对其中上游地区水文情势以及水资源的影响.研究表明:①采用SWAT模型对石羊河各条支流径流模拟已能够体现该流域中上游地区的降水径流特性,模拟精度满足未来气候变化对流域水文情势影响分析的要求;②通过调整历史降水和潜在蒸散发驱动SWAT模型对比分析未来A2和B2情景下2020s(2020年-2037年)、2050s(2050年-2067年)和2080s(2080年-2097年)三个时间段径流过程.未来A2和B2情景下石羊河流域降水和潜在蒸散发持续增加,但降水增幅略高.由此导致径流呈持续上升趋势,但增幅较小.A2与B2情景相比,A2情景下降水和潜在蒸散发的增幅均略高于B2情景.气候变化影响下未来石羊河流域径流量将略微增加,杂木寺断面增幅为1.37％～9.03％,而西营断面增幅为0.12％～5.04％.研究可为气候变化环境下的石羊河流域水资源综合管理规划提供技术支撑和依据. 相似文献
8.
长江三角洲地区中小流域未来城镇化的水文效应 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
流域城镇化的水文效应分析对于流域管理十分重要。以长江三角洲地区太湖上游的西苕溪流域为研究区,借助分布式水文模型SWAT对流域降雨径流过程进行模拟分析;在此基础上,结合未来4种城镇化情景,在全流域以及子流域的空间尺度上,年和月的时间尺度上,模拟分析未来城镇化的长期水文效应。结果表明:①在年尺度上,全流域尺度分析表明,未来城镇化情景都将使径流深度增加,蒸发量减小,且随着城镇化比重的增加,二者的变化将更加明显。子流域尺度上,建设用地变化与年径流深度变化之间呈高度线性正相关,径流深度的变化对建设用地面积变化的敏感性高;②在月尺度上,各城镇化情景下大多数月份径流深度增加,且各月蒸发量主要表现出下降的趋势。本文采用水文模型与土地利用变化模型相耦合的方法定量评估未来城镇化对流域水文过程的长期影响,既为土地利用变化水文效应的分析提供了新的理论依据和参考,也为流域管理和规划人员提供了决策基础和方向。 相似文献
9.
WASMOD模型参数敏感性与相关性分析 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
对水文模型参数进行敏感性和相关性分析,可以减少率定参数的数量、提高模型运行效率,并可以为优化和改进模型结构提供依据.本文采用局部分析法和相关系数法讨论了WASMOD模型中的五个参数对目标函数的敏感程度以及参数之间的相关程度.研究发现,在黑河流域上游山区的径流模拟过程中,WASMOD模型中影响降水形态的温度参数a1对目标函数最为敏感;其次是影响地表径流的参数a6和影响融雪过程的温度参数a2;基流参数a5最不敏感.模型参数之间的相关性不是很强,这也说明,模型结构已得到很好的优化;为保证模型的模拟效果,模型参数的数量不能减少. 相似文献
10.
利用1980年和1996年土地覆被情景分别表征1964年-1979年和1990年-1999年土地利用情况,运用双源蒸散与混合产流的分布式水文模型探讨老哈河流域太平庄集水区土地覆被变化的水文效应,定量分析土地覆被变化对"绿水"和"蓝水"的影响,结果表明1980年到1996年研究区域土地覆被变化总体趋势为草地向林地和耕地转化,上述土地覆被变化导致老哈河流域截留蒸发量和冠层蒸腾能力增加,土壤蒸发能力减小,进而使得蒸散发能力和实际蒸散发量增加,地表径流、地下径流和径流系数减少。1964年-1979年平均地表径流、地下径流、总径流和径流系数分别减少了4.4%、9.5%、8.7%和8.7%。此外,径流模拟除了受土地覆被变化影响外,同时还受到人类生产活动的影响。 相似文献
11.
A research group led by Prof. ZHAI Qiwei from the Institute for Nutritional Sciences under the CAS Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences has discovered that even relatively low doses of resveratrol-a chemical found in the skins of red grapes in red wine-can improve the sensitivity of mice to the hormone insulin according to a report in the October issue of Cell Metabolism.…… 《中国科学院院刊(英文版)》2008,22(1):14-15
Aresearch group led by Prof. ZHAI Qiwei from the Institute for Nutritional Sciences under the CAS Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences has discovered that even relatively low doses of resveratrol--a chemical found in the skins of red grapes and in red wine--can improve the sensitivity of mice to the hormone insulin, according to a report in the October,2007 issue of Cell Metabolism. As insulin resistance is often characterized as the most critical factor contributing to the development of Type 2 diabetes, the findings“provide a potential new therapeutic approach for preventing or treating” both conditions, the researchers said. 相似文献
12.
《中国科学院院刊(英文版)》2008,22(1):2-3
CAS should stick to the principle of rendering service to, and giving impetus for, the development of China＇s science enterprise by making S＆T innovations, said CAS President LU Yongxiang. The CAS president made the remarks in a recent talk to communicate the gist of the winter session of the Party＇s Leading-member Group at CAS, which was held from 7 to 11 January in Beijing. 相似文献
13.
Marjorie Armstrong-Stassen Margaret Landstrom Ramona Lumpkin 《The Information Society》1998,14(2):153-164
This study examined how students who had no prior experience with videoconferencing would react to the use of videoconferencing as an instructional medium. Students enrolled in seven different courses completed a questionnaire at the beginning of the semester and again at the end of the semester. Students at the origination and remote sites did not differ in their reactions toward videoconferencing but there was a significant difference for gender. Women reacted less favorably to videoconferencing. Compared to the beginning of the semester, students reported significantly less positive attitudes toward taking a course through videoconferencing at the end of the semester. There were no significant differences in students' attitudes toward videoconferencing across courses at the beginning of the semester but there were significant differences across the courses at the end of the semester. The results suggest the need for better preparation for both students and instructors. 相似文献
14.
《中国科学院院刊(英文版)》2008,22(1)
With great care, Dr. ZHOU Zhonghe takes out a package wrapped by cotton tissue from a drawer and says: "This is the gem of our collections: the fossil of a bird that lived 125 million years ago!" Then, pointing at a tiny mound, he explains: "Look, this is the claw and that is the head. It was in the egg shell and ready to hatch ... The species fell into a family of waterside inhabitants." 相似文献
15.
A joint study by Prof. ZHANG Zhibin from the CAS Institute of Zoology his co-workers from Norway US Swiss have indicated that historical outbreaks of migratory locusts in China were associated with cold spells suggesting that China's projected climate warming could decrease the pest's numbers. The study was published in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences on September .…… 《中国科学院院刊(英文版)》2008,22(1):6-7
Ajoint study by Prof. ZHANG Zhibin from the CAS Institute of Zoology and his co-workers from Norway, US and Swiss have indicated that historical outbreaks of migratory locusts in China were associated with cold spells, suggesting that China＇s projected climate warming could decrease the pest＇s numbers. The study was published in Proceedings of theNational Academy of Sciences on 17 September, 2007. 相似文献
16.
Caroline Haythornthwaite 《The Information Society》2001,17(3):211-226
A computer-mediated group is a complex entity whose members exchange many types of information via multiple means of communication in pursuit of goals specific to their environment. Over time, they coordinate technical features of media with locally enacted use to achieve a viable working arrangement. To explore this complex interaction, a case study is presented of the social networks of interactions and media use among members of a class of computer-supported distance learners. Results show how group structures associated with project teams dominated who communicated with whom, about what, and via which media over the term, and how media came to occupy their own communication niches: Webboard for diffuse class-wide communication; Internet Relay Chat more to named others but still for general communication across the class; and e-mail primarily for intrateam communication. Face-to-face interaction, occurring only during a short on-campus session, appears to have had a catalytic effect on social and emotional exchanges. Results suggest the need to structure exchanges to balance class-wide sharing of ideas with subgroup interactions that facilitate project completion, and to provide media that support these two modes of interaction. 相似文献
17.
Active biological molecules functional structures can be fabricated into a bio-mimetic system by using molecular assembly method. Such materials can be used for the drug delivery disease diagnosis therapy new nanodevice construction.…… 《中国科学院院刊(英文版)》2008,22(1):22-22
Active biological molecules and functional structures can be fabricated into a bio-mimetic system by using molecular assembly method. Such materials can be used for the drug delivery, disease diagnosis and therapy, and new nanodevice construction. 相似文献
18.
Electronic data interchange (EDI) provides means for interorganizational communication, creates network externalities, requires an advanced information technology (IT) infrastructure, and relies on standards. In the diffusion of such innovations, institutional involvement is imperative. Such institutions contain governmental agencies, national and global standardization organizations, local government, and nonprofit private organizations like industry associations. The last type of organizations we call intermediating institutions. They intermediate or coordinate ("inscribe") the activities of a group of would-be adopters. Unfortunately, little is known of how these organizations shape the EDI diffusion trajectory. In this article we examine one specific type of intermediating organizations?industry associations?and how they advanced the EDI diffusion process in the grocery sectors of Hong Kong, Denmark and Finland. We identify six institutional measures, placed into a matrix formed by the mode of involvement (influence vs. regulation) and the type of diffusion force (supply push vs. demand pull), that can be mobilized to further the EDI diffusion. Industry associations were found to be active users of all these measures to varying degrees. Their role was critical especially in knowledge building, knowledge deployment, and standard setting. Furthermore, institutional involvement varied due to policy and cultural contingencies and power dependencies. 相似文献
19.
Leah A. Lievrouw 《The Information Society》2000,16(2):155-159
This essay focuses on universal service and the Internet as means to support social and political participation. The emphasis on access to telecommunications systems in conventional approaches to universal service is contrasted with access to content. A model of the information environment is described that accounts for the roles of content and conduit, both of which are necessary conditions to achieve true access. A method is outlined for employing information indicators to observe or measure the information environment. 相似文献
20.
Puay Tang 《The Information Society》1998,14(1):19-31
The increasing prospects of digital piracy has prompted the perceived need by electronic publishers to adopt technical systems of protection, and governments to reform their copyright laws. This article is a preliminary study of the management of intellectual property by electronic publishers, defined as those involved in the production of online databases, and CD-ROMs. It focuses on three main issues: (1) how electronic publishers view the increasing threat of piracy; (2) the methods of protection employed to protect intellectual property in digital format; and (3) the importance of technological protection of intellectual property in electronic publications. The analysis is based on a sample of 23 UK electronic publishers. The interviews revealed an interesting assortment of protection methods and did not show that technological protection was a preferred way. Instead, the means of protection, in addition to copyright law, comprised niche markets, pricing, trust, bad publicity, and nontechnical and technical means. 相似文献