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1.
宁夏平原区耗水量研究 总被引：7，自引：0，他引：7
由于地表地下水转换频繁、生产和生态耗水难以区分、当地降雨与外来水彼此混合、引排水量测算不清等因素，导致宁夏平原区耗水量难以计算。本文在分析现有耗水量计算方法优缺点的基础上，采用水循环模拟法研究宁夏平原区耗水量变化规律，建立平原区分布式水循环模型，从区域水循环机理出发，模拟当地水、周边来水和引黄水量在平原区人工系统和天然系统中的分配、蒸散发、入渗、产汇流等水循环过程。模拟结果表明：2000年宁夏平原区总蒸腾蒸发消耗水量为47.2×108m3，其中消耗黄河干流水量为33.5×108m3，若加上黄河河道耗水量，则宁夏平原区消耗黄河水资源总量为36.9×108m3。1991年～2000年宁夏平原区耗水量规律为：灌溉面积增加是平原区耗水量增加的主要因素；区域总蒸发量呈现增加趋势，但天然生态系统消耗黄河水量逐渐减少；平原区消耗黄河水量不断增加，从1991年的27.6×108m3增加到2000年的33.5×108m3；黄河流域统一调度促使宁夏平原区引黄灌溉的效率呈现提高趋势。 相似文献
2.
安徽沿江地区耕地数量变化特征及其对粮食安全的影响 总被引：17，自引：0，他引：17
粮食主产区的耕地面积变化不仅影响到区域可持续发展，更关系到国家的粮食安全。本文利用50年的耕地统计数据和近年的土地利用详查变更数据，揭示了安徽省沿江地区土地利用结构和耕地面积变化的总体特征，并对耕地面积变化的主要驱动因子进行了分析，在定量分析耕地数量变化和经济发展关系的基础上，对未来耕地数量和粮食生产安全保障进行了预测。结果表明：①沿江地区土地利用基本特征表现为以农用地为主，工矿用地和未利用土地比例大；土地的投入强度大，综合产出率高；耕地面积持续减少。耕地总量经历了缓慢增长、快速下降、缓慢减少、急剧减少的变化过程，人均耕地面积持续减少;②耕地总面积减少与GDP总量和人均GDP之间存在对数关系，二者间的弹性系数不断下降，现状已接近上海市水平，表明经济发展模式已开始向集约型转变;③利用拟合的关系式，估算2010年和2020年的耕地将在现状基础上分别减少3.09×104～3.91×104hm2和5.07×104～6.78×104hm2，届时耕地总面积将会保持在149×104hm2和146×104hm2以上。2010年耕地数量可以满足粮食安全的需要(保持粮食产量占到全国总产量的3.08%)，至2020年，耕地数量将会略低于粮食安全的需求。 相似文献
3.
近25年来青海湖流域景观结构动态变化及其对生态系统服务功能的影响 总被引：13，自引：0，他引：13
青海湖是我国最大的内陆高原咸水湖,是维系青藏高原东北部生态安全的重要水体。本文基于青海湖流域1977年MSS影像、1987年TM影像和2000年ETM影像,在地理信息系统(GIS)和遥感技术的支持下,采用景观格局分析方法,应用Costanza生态系统服务价值算法,揭示了青海湖流域景观生态服务价值的动态变化。结果表明,青海湖流域生态系统服务价值总体呈下降趋势,由1977年的423×108元降低到2000年的364×108元,年均损失2.57×108元;从生态系统服务功能价值来讲,废物处理和水源涵养价值贡献率超过了58%,单项服务功能价值均呈下降趋势,其中气候调节功能缺失最明显减少达32%;就生态系统服务价值构型而言,草地、湿地和水域的价值贡献率超过了97%,成为构成青海湖生态系统服务价值的主体,湿地面积的大幅度减少可能是青海湖流域生态系统服务功能变化的主要原因。 相似文献
4.
陕北农牧交错带土地利用变化及驱动机制分析 总被引：3，自引：1，他引：2
利用1986年、1993年及2003年3期Landsat TM遥感影像,借助遥感和GIS技术及回归分析方法,对陕北农牧交错带1986年～2003年土地利用变化及驱动机制进行了分析。结果表明,陕北农牧交错带土地利用综合程度总体较高,2003年达到36.5%,且土地利用正处于发展期;1986年～2003年土地利用变化以林地和建设用地大幅度增加和耕地、水域、未利用土地与沙地面积不断减少为主要特征。其中林地面积增加了44.18×104hm2,主要由耕地、草地和未利用土地转化而来;建设用地面积以近0.27×104hm2/年的速度增加,主要由耕地、草地、未利用土地和沙地转化而来;耕地面积减少了10.52×104hm2,减少的面积主要转化为林地和草地;沙地面积减少了20.67×104hm2。在空间上土地利用变化以南部和东南部黄土丘陵区沟壑区和毛乌素沙漠边缘地带最为明显。自然、人文和社会经济因素共同影响了土地利用变化,其中气候因素是驱动土地利用变化的重要自然因素,人口增长及社会投资的增加,工、农业产业化的发展直接驱动了土地利用变化。 相似文献
5.
不同经济发展阶段地区耕地变化的对比研究——以广西江州和江苏吴江为例 总被引：20，自引：0，他引：20
土地利用变化与经济发展密切相关，区域经济在发展过程中呈现出阶段性，耕地作为土地的精华部分，其数量和质量变化在不同经济发展阶段表现出不同的特征。江州区和吴江市经济发展具有时序差异性，是进行区域对比研究较为理想的对象。利用统计资料分析表明，江州区经济发展伴随着耕地面积不断上升，从1990年的3.8×104hm2增长到2003年的5.6×104 hm2；吴江市则相反，耕地与经济发展呈负相关，1990年以来耕地面积持续下降，13年中共减少了1.6×104 hm2。以耕地标准系数表征的耕地质量表明，吴江市耕地质量提升较快，但近年有降低趋势；江州区耕地质量整体水平较低，年际变化不大，1996年～2000年间略有下降。根据江州区产业演进趋势，借鉴吴江市发展历程，可以预计，随着江州区经济发展步伐加快，建设用地需求增加，耕地压力将会加大。在经济发展过程中要注意集约用地，保护耕地，通过投入增加和技术提高，提高耕地的生产能力。 相似文献
6.
粮食国际贸易对我国水土资源利用的影响分析 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
为满足国内粮食需求,粮食贸易成为弥补我国粮食缺口,缓解水土资源短缺的重要手段。近年来我国粮食进出口在数量和结构上均发生了较大变化,基于此本文定量计算了2000年以来我国以粮食贸易为载体进口的虚拟水量及耕地使用量。计算结果表明：2000年以来由于我国大豆进口量持续增长,我国以粮食为载体的虚拟水净进口量及土地替代使用量持续上升,2004年达到峰值,分别为1 244×108m3和1 580×104hm1,在进口虚拟水中径流性水资源为498×108m3,是当年全国总用水量的9%,农业总用水量的13.9%;从区域看,东南、华南、华北是粮食贸易的受益地区,粮食贸易有效的缓解了这些地区水土资源供应紧张的局面,而对中西部欠发达地区的影响相对较少。 相似文献
7.
泾河流域水资源需求结构分析与调控策略 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
泾河流域生态环境脆弱，水土流失严重，同时水资源短缺这些都已成为其发展的障碍，因此有必要弄清流域目前水资源需求状况和存在的问题。水资源需求部门主要是农业需水、工业需水、城镇居民生活需水、农村居民生活需水、河流生态环境需水、林地需水和草地需水，分别属于生产需水、生活需水和生态环境需水。为表征不同部门需水的时空特征，计算了该区域2000年各县各类需水部门的需水量，并从水资源需求部门差异、空间差异和时间匹配三个方面进行分析。结果表明：①各县总需水量变化在1.57×108m3～14×108m3之间，流域单位面积需水量变化在145.11mm～728.98mm之间，基本趋势是由东南向西北逐渐减少; ②流域以生产需水和生态需水为主，生产需水以农作物需水为主，在2/3县区易出现生产与生态环境争水现象; ③农作物和林地，尤其是农作物亏缺水量大，目前的灌溉水平很难改变亏缺局面，势必影响二者经济效益和生态效益的发挥; ④农业结构性用水短缺格局相对突出。单位面积农作物需水量，最高值在泾阳县，为5 682 m3/hm2；最低值在定边县，为4 022 m3/hm2，由于事先设定大多数需水定额不随县(区)的改变而改变，因此该值与作物结构密切相关。本文根据上述研究结果，对该区域水资源的合理利用提出建议，要求重点加强植被结构与农作物结构的调整。 相似文献
8.
近20年来伊犁新垦区土地利用/覆被变化分析 总被引：1，自引：2，他引：1
本文基于1985年、2000年和2008年3期土地利用数据,对新疆伊犁新垦区土地利用格局时空变化进行了定量研究。结果显示：1985年～2008年间,耕地净增加4.99×104hm2,面积比由38%上升至57%;未利用地增长仅次于耕地,增长面积为1.07×104hm2,水域,林地,建设用地都呈增长趋势;草地为唯一减少的土地利用类型,缩减7.02×104hm2,面积比由49%缩减为36%。通过对土地利用变化格局的分析可以得出,农业开垦是新垦区土地利用方式变化最主要的驱动力因素,草地面积减少是其他土地类型面积增加的主要来源,盐碱地增多和沼泽减少反映了该地区存在因农业开垦而导致的自然环境恶化现象。 相似文献
9.
山地丘陵地区农地资源价值评估——以湖北省宜昌市为例 总被引：11，自引：3，他引：11
本文在回顾农地价值理论及评估方法的基础上，以湖北省宜昌市农地为代表，采用收益还原法和条件价值法，通过实地抽样调查对不同地类的农地的市场价值和非市场价值进行评估。在尽量减少评估偏差的前提下，得到宜昌市农地主要地类资源总价值：宜昌市耕地总价值约为396.32×108元，园地总价值约为509.24×108元，林地总价值约为29.37×108元，水域总价值约为30.30×108元。其中，单位耕地的市场价值约为9.44×104元/hm2，非市场价值约为2.49×104元/hm2；园地的市场价值约为54.88×104元/hm2，非市场价值约为3.97×104元/hm2；林地的非市场价值约为0.23×104元/hm2；水域的非市场价值约为6.32×104元/hm2。根据价值评估过程，得到相关结论：农地总价值应该包含市场价值和非市场价值；农地非市场价值与支付者对农地生态功能的认识有显著关系；不同地类的资源价值对农业种植结构调整具有较强的参考意义；对农地非市场价值的认识加深有助于优化农地资源配置。 相似文献
10.
引洮供水工程是以九甸峡水利枢纽为龙头,为改善甘肃省中部地区极度缺水现状而实施的跨流域调水工程。2010年和2020年水平年洮河下游总需水量分别为47.26×108m3和47.74×108m3,引洮需水量分别为2.14×108m3和6.04×108m3。在分析九甸峡梯级水库群特点的基础上,以尽可能满足引洮水量、洮河下游生产生活需水,以及下游生态用水为目标,建立了该系统的模拟调度模型,并确定了系统结构和调度原则。结合引洮工程实际情况,设定了三种方案,分别考虑2010年一期工程、2020年一期工程和2020年二期工程。通过长系列模拟计算,得出了各方案的水资源利用情况,模拟计算表明,不同水平年多年平均引洮水量和洮河下游经济社会、生态环境用水均可保证,但冲沙用水不能满足,三个方案缺水量分别为0.95×108m3、0.98×108m3和2.31×108m3;典型年计算结果表明,只有在来水较丰时,才能同时满足洮河下游需水量和引洮水量的需求,典型枯水年和平水年分别缺水11.51×108m3和3.13×108m3。 相似文献
11.
Marjorie Armstrong-Stassen Margaret Landstrom Ramona Lumpkin 《The Information Society》1998,14(2):153-164
This study examined how students who had no prior experience with videoconferencing would react to the use of videoconferencing as an instructional medium. Students enrolled in seven different courses completed a questionnaire at the beginning of the semester and again at the end of the semester. Students at the origination and remote sites did not differ in their reactions toward videoconferencing but there was a significant difference for gender. Women reacted less favorably to videoconferencing. Compared to the beginning of the semester, students reported significantly less positive attitudes toward taking a course through videoconferencing at the end of the semester. There were no significant differences in students' attitudes toward videoconferencing across courses at the beginning of the semester but there were significant differences across the courses at the end of the semester. The results suggest the need for better preparation for both students and instructors. 相似文献
12.
A joint study by Prof. ZHANG Zhibin from the CAS Institute of Zoology his co-workers from Norway US Swiss have indicated that historical outbreaks of migratory locusts in China were associated with cold spells suggesting that China's projected climate warming could decrease the pest's numbers. The study was published in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences on September .…… 《中国科学院院刊(英文版)》2008,22(1):6-7
Ajoint study by Prof. ZHANG Zhibin from the CAS Institute of Zoology and his co-workers from Norway, US and Swiss have indicated that historical outbreaks of migratory locusts in China were associated with cold spells, suggesting that China＇s projected climate warming could decrease the pest＇s numbers. The study was published in Proceedings of theNational Academy of Sciences on 17 September, 2007. 相似文献
13.
Caroline Haythornthwaite 《The Information Society》2001,17(3):211-226
A computer-mediated group is a complex entity whose members exchange many types of information via multiple means of communication in pursuit of goals specific to their environment. Over time, they coordinate technical features of media with locally enacted use to achieve a viable working arrangement. To explore this complex interaction, a case study is presented of the social networks of interactions and media use among members of a class of computer-supported distance learners. Results show how group structures associated with project teams dominated who communicated with whom, about what, and via which media over the term, and how media came to occupy their own communication niches: Webboard for diffuse class-wide communication; Internet Relay Chat more to named others but still for general communication across the class; and e-mail primarily for intrateam communication. Face-to-face interaction, occurring only during a short on-campus session, appears to have had a catalytic effect on social and emotional exchanges. Results suggest the need to structure exchanges to balance class-wide sharing of ideas with subgroup interactions that facilitate project completion, and to provide media that support these two modes of interaction. 相似文献
14.
A research group led by Prof. ZHAI Qiwei from the Institute for Nutritional Sciences under the CAS Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences has discovered that even relatively low doses of resveratrol-a chemical found in the skins of red grapes in red wine-can improve the sensitivity of mice to the hormone insulin according to a report in the October issue of Cell Metabolism.…… 《中国科学院院刊(英文版)》2008,22(1):14-15
Aresearch group led by Prof. ZHAI Qiwei from the Institute for Nutritional Sciences under the CAS Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences has discovered that even relatively low doses of resveratrol--a chemical found in the skins of red grapes and in red wine--can improve the sensitivity of mice to the hormone insulin, according to a report in the October,2007 issue of Cell Metabolism. As insulin resistance is often characterized as the most critical factor contributing to the development of Type 2 diabetes, the findings“provide a potential new therapeutic approach for preventing or treating” both conditions, the researchers said. 相似文献
15.
Electronic data interchange (EDI) provides means for interorganizational communication, creates network externalities, requires an advanced information technology (IT) infrastructure, and relies on standards. In the diffusion of such innovations, institutional involvement is imperative. Such institutions contain governmental agencies, national and global standardization organizations, local government, and nonprofit private organizations like industry associations. The last type of organizations we call intermediating institutions. They intermediate or coordinate ("inscribe") the activities of a group of would-be adopters. Unfortunately, little is known of how these organizations shape the EDI diffusion trajectory. In this article we examine one specific type of intermediating organizations?industry associations?and how they advanced the EDI diffusion process in the grocery sectors of Hong Kong, Denmark and Finland. We identify six institutional measures, placed into a matrix formed by the mode of involvement (influence vs. regulation) and the type of diffusion force (supply push vs. demand pull), that can be mobilized to further the EDI diffusion. Industry associations were found to be active users of all these measures to varying degrees. Their role was critical especially in knowledge building, knowledge deployment, and standard setting. Furthermore, institutional involvement varied due to policy and cultural contingencies and power dependencies. 相似文献
16.
Puay Tang 《The Information Society》1998,14(1):19-31
The increasing prospects of digital piracy has prompted the perceived need by electronic publishers to adopt technical systems of protection, and governments to reform their copyright laws. This article is a preliminary study of the management of intellectual property by electronic publishers, defined as those involved in the production of online databases, and CD-ROMs. It focuses on three main issues: (1) how electronic publishers view the increasing threat of piracy; (2) the methods of protection employed to protect intellectual property in digital format; and (3) the importance of technological protection of intellectual property in electronic publications. The analysis is based on a sample of 23 UK electronic publishers. The interviews revealed an interesting assortment of protection methods and did not show that technological protection was a preferred way. Instead, the means of protection, in addition to copyright law, comprised niche markets, pricing, trust, bad publicity, and nontechnical and technical means. 相似文献
17.
Milton Mueller 《The Information Society》2001,17(3):151-163
Long-standing conflict between domain name registrants and trademark holders prompted the Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN) to create a global, mandatory arbitration procedure known as the Uniform Dispute Resolution Policy (UDRP). The UDRP has been used in 2166 cases involving 3938 domain names as of 1 November 2000. The policy gives the initiator of a complaint, generally a trademark holder, the right to choose which ICANN-accredited dispute resolution service provider (RSP) will handle the case. During the preparation of the UDRP,some feared that complainant selection would lead to "forum shopping" that might bias the results. This article performs a statistical assessment of the forum-shopping thesis and finds support for it. There are statistically significant differences in the various RSPs' propensity to take away names from defendants; there are also major differences in the number of cases brought to each RSP. RSPs who take away names have the larger share of cases. The study examines other variables that might explain differences in market share, such as price, the plaintiff's nationality, or the time taken to decide a case. It finds that nationality and time also are correlated with market share. The study concludes that shopping for a favorable outcome is an important factor in the UDRP. 相似文献
18.
Prof. Raymond C.K. Chen a neuropsychologist with the CAS Institute of Psychology has made novel progress in his studies of schizophrenia. His work has been reported by a recent issue of Behavioural Neurology.…… 《中国科学院院刊(英文版)》2008,22(1):15-15
Prof. Raymond C.K. Chen, a neuropsychologist with the CAS Institute of Psychology, has made novel progress in his studies of schizophrenia. His work has been reported by a recent issue of Behavioural Neurology. 相似文献
19.
Active biological molecules functional structures can be fabricated into a bio-mimetic system by using molecular assembly method. Such materials can be used for the drug delivery disease diagnosis therapy new nanodevice construction.…… 《中国科学院院刊(英文版)》2008,22(1):22-22
Active biological molecules and functional structures can be fabricated into a bio-mimetic system by using molecular assembly method. Such materials can be used for the drug delivery, disease diagnosis and therapy, and new nanodevice construction. 相似文献
20.
《中国科学院院刊(英文版)》2014,(3)
<正>In Xishuangbanna,one of China’s most biodiverse regions,landscape has changed dramatically during the past three decades due to the conversion of tropical rainforest to rubber plantations.In steep areas,terraces are often constructed before planting rubber trees,which causes two important changes in the soil:the destabilization of soil in the bench terraces and the increased vulnerability of unvegetated riser faces to erosion.Few studies have documented the nature and intensity of erosion on bench terraces.Prof.LIU Wenjie and his colleagues from the Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden(XTBG)conducted a study in Menglun County(21°5′39″N,101°15′55″E),Xishuangbanna to evaluate the influence 相似文献