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阿柯夫以传统运筹学研究为起点,对运筹学硬系统方法论的哲学立场、社会理论基础以及组织管理思想的演变进行反思,逐渐形成了一种解决社区或组织管理问题的软系统方法论。他将之命名为"社会系统科学","交互式规划"就是将这一方法付诸行动的主要工具。本文在梳理管理科学方法从"硬"到"软"演化进程的基础上,介绍了阿柯夫社会系统科学理论,并肯定了其价值所在。 相似文献
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在创新资源有限的前提下,企业选择低碳技术创新的必要条件是其收益大于其他类型的创新活动。本文在传统的A-J模型框架内,引入低碳技术创新的机会成本,系统分析了碳排放税、碳排放标准、减排补贴和碳排放许可四种环境政策工具对企业创新选择的影响。模型结果表明:每一种环境政策工具都存在一个最优水平,但其对企业低碳技术创新的激励效果和经济效益有所区别。通过对比分析发现,市场机制完善的环境政策工具更能促进企业选择低碳技术创新;而鼓励导向的环境政策工具更能促进企业创新活动的经济效益。本文研究结论可以为政府制定环境政策工具组合,提供理论指导。 相似文献
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低碳生态城市建设是我国处于城市化快速发展阶段,经济转型的重要举措之一,而对于城市社区既有建筑的绿色改造技术研究是关系到低碳生态城市建设的重要环节。然而现阶段缺乏系统性的低碳生态建设领域的公众认知情况研究和定量化的分析,因此本研究采用问卷调查和半结构式访谈的方法,针对低碳生态城市建设的相关内容、方法和技术,进行低碳生态城建设技术公众认知调查。结果表明,受访者普遍认同低碳生态城市与传统城市规划技术存在差异,认为差异主要存在于控制方式、规划目标、指导思想、信息化手段、规划流程、规划内容、保障体系等方面;认为对于城市片区绿色建筑规模化规划前期需要进行生态诊断与预评估,诊断和评估的对象包括,生态环境、低碳技术条件、能源高效利用与开发潜力、用地适宜性与开发潜力、建设可行性、居民需求和政策条件等方面;大于90％的受访者认为绿色建筑规模化规划评估应该纳入社会人文需求因素,如公共服务设施的便利性、公共空间可达性、社区宜居性、基础设施完备性、居民生活满意度、文脉传承、建筑开放度、就业机会等;27％的受访者认为政府应是低碳社区生态改造的主导者;13．5％的受访者认为是政府应该是社区改造的提倡者,还有少部分（10．8％）的受访者对于政府的定位为资助者。既有社区低碳生态化改造的内涵应包括能源系统改造,环境整治,历史印记保留,建筑物更新保护,拆迁安置等方面的重要内容。对于低碳生态城市的微循环技术体系如微降解、微能源、微冲击、微更生、微交通、微创业、微绿地和微调控等方面也具有一定的认知排序。通过研究结果可清晰地看出下阶段的低碳生态城市建设重点议题和关键方法,以便更好地促进低碳生态城市的可持续发展。 相似文献
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<正>目前,国内国际关于中国低碳方向的议论很多,总体上可以归纳为两大类:一个是"在低碳中发展",一个是"在发展中低碳",这两个方向有很大的区别。我国选择"在发展中低碳"的模式,是转变发展方式,实现可持续发展的战略选择。低碳中国,绝不是"在低碳中发展""在低碳中发展"是对中国发展进程的不合理修改。"在低碳中发展",即事先设定一个"低碳"的框架,预设一大堆约束性指标,迫使中国被动接受"有条件的发展"模式。"先低碳,再发展"的路线图是一个无条件的普遍性约束,它不考虑中国的国情,带有强加于人的意味。 相似文献
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从低碳经济背景下的产品低碳责任出发,运用博弈论的基本思想,对低碳经济下供应链的风险规避与竞争进行了分析。结果表明:制造商履行产品低碳责任水平不受决策参与者风险规避度的影响,产品均衡价格和分销商的期望收益均是分销商风险规避度的减函数,这将导致市场消费者对产品需求的增加,从而提升制造商的期望收益;与非竞争相比较,竞争将会降低产品的定价,但同时也会降低供应链履行产品低碳责任的水平,供应链通过横向合作解决非零和博弈造成的价格竞争和产品低碳责任方面的"囚徒困境"问题是实现整个系统利益优化的关键。 相似文献
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低碳经济是以低能耗、低排放、低污染为主要特征,以有效缓解全球气候变暖为根本要求,以实现经济社会可持续发展为基本目标,是实现资源节约、环境友好的经济发展模式。这一经济发展理念是我国"两型社会"建设这一重大战略的延伸和扩展。土地作为一种稀缺的资源和生产要素,是参与宏观调控的重要工具。构建低碳土地管理制度有利于减少温室气体排放,有利于转变经济发展方式,有利于全面推进"两型社会"建设。文章在界定低碳土地管理内涵的基础上,分析了构建低碳土地管理制度的重要意义,并提出了构建低碳土地管理制度的基本思路。 相似文献
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我国西部生态脆弱性的评估:预控研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
如何遏制我国西部生态环境恶化成为当务之急,这需要对生态脆弱性进行评估以掌握存在的具体问题.本文通过构建生态脆弱性发生与应对的机理模型,发现应对的关键环节在于对脆弱性进行评估,其环节包括构建数据库,挖掘评估指标,单项、整体脆性评估,脆性与地方政府协同度评估等.根据评估结果,政府可以在策略矩阵中选择适当的应对工具. 相似文献
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低碳生态城市发展是中国政府为实现到2020年将单位GDP碳强度降低40-45%的国际承诺以及国家发展的其他目标的关键举措。很多城市均作出相应规划并实施各种措施,以期实现这些目标。然而,绝大多数规划都缺乏明确的目标、指标以及实现机制。它们所选取的战略措施通常太过模糊和零碎,严重阻碍了规划内容的有效性。为了填补这些空白,极大提升低碳环保城市规划的速度,为大范围完善政策的选择以及执行提供便利,劳伦斯伯克利国家实验室根据国际以及中国最佳实践制定了多种工具。本文将介绍中国济南所采用的两种工具。"最佳城市"暨低碳城市的基准测试以及节能(BEST Cities)工具主要着眼于节能、碳排放量降低的潜力以及策略。"精英城市"暨评估城市的环保和低碳指标(ELITE Cities)工具的涉及面更为宽泛,包括空气、水以及土地的使用。这些工具使得各个城市能够对自身情况作出衡量和评估,追踪进度,提供科学实用的政策建议。本论文将深化对城市如何走上可持续发展道路的理解,对城市如何完成对城市行业节能减碳潜力的量化,如何面对工具以及政策施行过程当中可能遇到的挑战以及障碍具有一定的指导意义。根据减碳影响力、城市的行为能力以及政府的项目预算,本文按照优先顺序提出了政策建议。 相似文献
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从城市社区管理到社区治理意味着一种从管理到服务的理念转变。依据政府行政力量和社区自治力量的大小,可以将城市社区划分为治理缺陷型、政府主导型、合作型和自治型社区。城市社区治理的政策工具选择受制于取决于政府行政力量和社区自治力量两个变量的大小,不同类型的城市社区治理在选择政策工具时需要结合实际情况进行抉择。 相似文献
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Marjorie Armstrong-Stassen Margaret Landstrom Ramona Lumpkin 《The Information Society》1998,14(2):153-164
This study examined how students who had no prior experience with videoconferencing would react to the use of videoconferencing as an instructional medium. Students enrolled in seven different courses completed a questionnaire at the beginning of the semester and again at the end of the semester. Students at the origination and remote sites did not differ in their reactions toward videoconferencing but there was a significant difference for gender. Women reacted less favorably to videoconferencing. Compared to the beginning of the semester, students reported significantly less positive attitudes toward taking a course through videoconferencing at the end of the semester. There were no significant differences in students' attitudes toward videoconferencing across courses at the beginning of the semester but there were significant differences across the courses at the end of the semester. The results suggest the need for better preparation for both students and instructors. 相似文献
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A joint study by Prof. ZHANG Zhibin from the CAS Institute of Zoology his co-workers from Norway US Swiss have indicated that historical outbreaks of migratory locusts in China were associated with cold spells suggesting that China's projected climate warming could decrease the pest's numbers. The study was published in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences on September .…… 《中国科学院院刊(英文版)》2008,22(1):6-7
Ajoint study by Prof. ZHANG Zhibin from the CAS Institute of Zoology and his co-workers from Norway, US and Swiss have indicated that historical outbreaks of migratory locusts in China were associated with cold spells, suggesting that China＇s projected climate warming could decrease the pest＇s numbers. The study was published in Proceedings of theNational Academy of Sciences on 17 September, 2007. 相似文献
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Caroline Haythornthwaite 《The Information Society》2001,17(3):211-226
A computer-mediated group is a complex entity whose members exchange many types of information via multiple means of communication in pursuit of goals specific to their environment. Over time, they coordinate technical features of media with locally enacted use to achieve a viable working arrangement. To explore this complex interaction, a case study is presented of the social networks of interactions and media use among members of a class of computer-supported distance learners. Results show how group structures associated with project teams dominated who communicated with whom, about what, and via which media over the term, and how media came to occupy their own communication niches: Webboard for diffuse class-wide communication; Internet Relay Chat more to named others but still for general communication across the class; and e-mail primarily for intrateam communication. Face-to-face interaction, occurring only during a short on-campus session, appears to have had a catalytic effect on social and emotional exchanges. Results suggest the need to structure exchanges to balance class-wide sharing of ideas with subgroup interactions that facilitate project completion, and to provide media that support these two modes of interaction. 相似文献
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Electronic data interchange (EDI) provides means for interorganizational communication, creates network externalities, requires an advanced information technology (IT) infrastructure, and relies on standards. In the diffusion of such innovations, institutional involvement is imperative. Such institutions contain governmental agencies, national and global standardization organizations, local government, and nonprofit private organizations like industry associations. The last type of organizations we call intermediating institutions. They intermediate or coordinate ("inscribe") the activities of a group of would-be adopters. Unfortunately, little is known of how these organizations shape the EDI diffusion trajectory. In this article we examine one specific type of intermediating organizations?industry associations?and how they advanced the EDI diffusion process in the grocery sectors of Hong Kong, Denmark and Finland. We identify six institutional measures, placed into a matrix formed by the mode of involvement (influence vs. regulation) and the type of diffusion force (supply push vs. demand pull), that can be mobilized to further the EDI diffusion. Industry associations were found to be active users of all these measures to varying degrees. Their role was critical especially in knowledge building, knowledge deployment, and standard setting. Furthermore, institutional involvement varied due to policy and cultural contingencies and power dependencies. 相似文献
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Puay Tang 《The Information Society》1998,14(1):19-31
The increasing prospects of digital piracy has prompted the perceived need by electronic publishers to adopt technical systems of protection, and governments to reform their copyright laws. This article is a preliminary study of the management of intellectual property by electronic publishers, defined as those involved in the production of online databases, and CD-ROMs. It focuses on three main issues: (1) how electronic publishers view the increasing threat of piracy; (2) the methods of protection employed to protect intellectual property in digital format; and (3) the importance of technological protection of intellectual property in electronic publications. The analysis is based on a sample of 23 UK electronic publishers. The interviews revealed an interesting assortment of protection methods and did not show that technological protection was a preferred way. Instead, the means of protection, in addition to copyright law, comprised niche markets, pricing, trust, bad publicity, and nontechnical and technical means. 相似文献
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Milton Mueller 《The Information Society》2001,17(3):151-163
Long-standing conflict between domain name registrants and trademark holders prompted the Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN) to create a global, mandatory arbitration procedure known as the Uniform Dispute Resolution Policy (UDRP). The UDRP has been used in 2166 cases involving 3938 domain names as of 1 November 2000. The policy gives the initiator of a complaint, generally a trademark holder, the right to choose which ICANN-accredited dispute resolution service provider (RSP) will handle the case. During the preparation of the UDRP,some feared that complainant selection would lead to "forum shopping" that might bias the results. This article performs a statistical assessment of the forum-shopping thesis and finds support for it. There are statistically significant differences in the various RSPs' propensity to take away names from defendants; there are also major differences in the number of cases brought to each RSP. RSPs who take away names have the larger share of cases. The study examines other variables that might explain differences in market share, such as price, the plaintiff's nationality, or the time taken to decide a case. It finds that nationality and time also are correlated with market share. The study concludes that shopping for a favorable outcome is an important factor in the UDRP. 相似文献
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Prof. Raymond C.K. Chen a neuropsychologist with the CAS Institute of Psychology has made novel progress in his studies of schizophrenia. His work has been reported by a recent issue of Behavioural Neurology.…… 《中国科学院院刊(英文版)》2008,22(1):15-15
Prof. Raymond C.K. Chen, a neuropsychologist with the CAS Institute of Psychology, has made novel progress in his studies of schizophrenia. His work has been reported by a recent issue of Behavioural Neurology. 相似文献
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《中国科学院院刊(英文版)》2014,(3)
<正>In Xishuangbanna,one of China’s most biodiverse regions,landscape has changed dramatically during the past three decades due to the conversion of tropical rainforest to rubber plantations.In steep areas,terraces are often constructed before planting rubber trees,which causes two important changes in the soil:the destabilization of soil in the bench terraces and the increased vulnerability of unvegetated riser faces to erosion.Few studies have documented the nature and intensity of erosion on bench terraces.Prof.LIU Wenjie and his colleagues from the Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden(XTBG)conducted a study in Menglun County(21°5′39″N,101°15′55″E),Xishuangbanna to evaluate the influence 相似文献
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Chinese Scientists Use Earth Observation Technologies to Study and Protect Wild Camels 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
《中国科学院院刊(英文版)》2014,(3):267-268
<正>Chinese scientists plan to apply Earth Observation technologies to protect the critically endangered wild camels(Camelus ferus).With the help of remote sensing,satellite positioning,geographical information system and wireless sensors networks,they will be able to access the distribution and population of the wild camels and protect their habitats.The project will be carried out by the International Research Center for Wild Camel Conservation,which was jointly established earlier this year by the Institute of Remote Sensing and Digital Earth(RADI)of the Chinese 相似文献
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WANG Sijia 《中国科学院院刊(英文版)》2014,(2):192-194
<正>The Paul Gerson Unna Research Group on Dermatogenomics was founded in October 2012 at the Partner Institute for Computational Biology.The ultimate goal of the group is to understand the biology of skin and skin appendages. 相似文献