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1.
在考虑碳税和消费者低碳意识下,从供应链之间合同关系的角度研究合同形式对制造商减排及供应链成员利润的影响。首先求出分散式供应链下制造商的最优碳排放量和批发价及零售商的边际利润,然后求出减排成本分担和成本分担下纳什讨价还价模型下零售商的最优分担比例,并对3种情况进行对比分析。研究发现,减排成本分担和成本分担下纳什讨价还价模型中制造商的最优碳排放量要低于分散式供应链下制造商最优碳排量,其零售商和制造商的均衡利润也要高于分散式供应链。通过数值分析,分析减排成本对于制造商和零售商均衡利润及分担比例的影响。 相似文献
2.
在随机需求下研究由一个境外集成制造商、一个国际运输服务提供商和一个供应商构成的跨国生产业务外包决策问题.考虑制造商所在国存在进口关税、供应商所在国存在补贴,定量分析制造成本、运输成本、关税成本和出口补贴对跨国生产业务外包决策的影响;依次建立三级独立主从决策模型和联盟主从决策模型,分析收益分享和成本分担对决策的影响.结果 表明对于跨国生产业务外包决策与优化,当关税成本计算考虑运输费用和保险费用时,跨国生产业务难以实现协调;联盟博弈可以压缩博弈层级进而改善跨国供应链绩效;关税税率提升使各方利润和整体利润减少,削弱供应商的领导地位、加强制造商的地位;出口补贴增加可以提高各方利润及整体利润,加强供应商的领导地位、削弱制造商的地位;各方仅进行收益分享可以改善供应链利润,但仅进行关税或运输成本分担会恶化供应链利润. 相似文献
3.
随着新能源汽车大规模使用,动力电池迎来退役潮。在国家双碳目标的指导下,废旧动力电池回收问题亟待解决。文章研究政府向电池生产商征收低碳环保税,对回收企业实施回收补贴的组合政策背景下,分别在单渠道回收模式和双渠道回收模式下对电池生产商主导的闭环供应链进行契约协调,并对组合政策设计的效果进行分析。研究发现：低碳环保税和回收补贴机制能够有效提高废旧电池回收量,组合政策的设计能有效引导动力电池闭环供应链的回收行为。双渠道回收模式下的回收量和企业利润均高于单渠道回收模式下的回收量和企业利润。在回收成本分担-收益共享契约的协调下,废旧动力电池回收量和供应链总利润能够达到集中决策下的理想情况。且在不同回收模式下,当成本分担比例和收益共享比例合理设置时,电池生产商和汽车制造商的利润均高于分散决策时的利润,因此双方都愿意接受该契约。此时,回收成本分担-收益共享契约能够有效协调动力电池闭环供应链。 相似文献
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针对供应链低碳产品高成本破解难题,引入零售商持股制造商减排投资战略,研究两级低碳供应链股权合作问题,比较分析了制造商减排与不减排、零售商对制造商减排投资持股与不持股两种情形下的供应链企业最优决策及利润变化。研究发现零售商按照合理比例持股,能够减少碳排放同时制造商和零售商的利润会实现帕累托改进,且主导者制造商能够分享更多剩余供应链价值,消除了持股前零售商对制造商碳减排投资"搭便车"现象。进一步发现,当消费者低碳偏好增加、价格敏感性降低或减排技术有较大改进且三者达到一定比例关系时,股权合作契约可以实现供应链协调。最后,通过数值分析对结论进行验证并探讨了持股比例对制造商和零售商利润的关系。 相似文献
6.
《技术与创新管理》2017,(2)
为激励制造商进行绿色技术创新,提高绿色产品的市场需求,针对单一制造商和单一零售商构成的双边垄断供应链,建立制造商主导的Stackelberg博弈模型。考虑到绿色技术创新可以降低制造商的生产成本,研究普通产品和绿色产品在分散决策下的优劣,分析绿色产品在分散、集中两种策略下的决策与收益,进而提出基于绿色技术创新的收益共享成本分担契约。研究表明:绿色产品较普通产品更能提高供应链的经济和环境效益;集中决策和契约机制的引入,能提高产品绿色水平、订货量及供应链成员的利益,并推导出制造商和零售商参与约束的最优收益分享系数的取值范围。最后,通过数值分析了制造商的绿色技术创新意愿和消费者对绿色产品的偏好对供应链最优决策及利润的影响,验证了契约机制的有效性。 相似文献
7.
生产商规模不经济属性是经济社会常见现象,但其对于低碳供应链减排与定价决策的影响较少得到关注。借助博弈论建立低碳供应链在集中决策和分散决策两种模式下的决策模型,并设计收益共享-成本分担契约对生产商规模不经济且分散决策下低碳供应链成员的决策行为进行协调。结果发现：在集中决策或分散决策模式下,随着生产商规模不经济属性的增强,低碳供应链单位产品的碳减排力度均减少,供应链整体利润均下降,产品零售价格的变化趋势取决于产品碳系数的大小;在生产商规模不经济且分散决策下,低碳供应链中存在决策效率损失,且损失的大小受生产商规模不经济强度和消费者碳偏好程度的共同影响;当收益分享比例和成本分担比例满足一定条件时,实施收益共享-成本分担契约可以实现生产商规模不经济且在分散决策下低碳供应链完全协调。 相似文献
8.
分散控制下的信息共享和集中控制下的共同决策是供应链系统协调的两种重要策略。本文以供应链系统中制造商和零售商之间的Stackelberg博弈模型为基础,研究了随机产品需求条件下信息共享协调与共同决策协调对最优批发价格、最优订货量,以及对制造商、零售商和供应链系统利润的影响,分析了信息共享的条件,提出了共同决策协调下供应链系统利润的两种分割方法:比例系数方法和批发价格协商方法。然后,通过以产品随机需求服从均匀分布情形下模型的计算与仿真进一步证实了理论分析结果。结果表明,信息共享对于制造商而言总是有利的,制造商通过信息共享能够确定其最优产品批发价格并实现其利润最大化,但信息共享的前提是零售商的利润能够得到改善。共同决策协调能够实现供应链系统利润最大化。利润分割系数与批发价格都存在较宽的取值区间可使制造商和零售商在利润分割时能实现"双赢"。供应链系统利润随产品随机需求量期望的增大而增加,随标准差的增大而减小。从供应链系统利润最大化视角来看,共同决策协调优于信息共享协调。 相似文献
9.
针对异质性消费者对低碳产品和普通产品不同选择特点,构建一个强势零售商与两个制造商所组成的两级供应链,研究不同联盟模式下定价决策问题,并分析消费异质性对供应链定价决策和利润的影响。研究表明,强势零售商与某一制造商联盟实现其产品价格同其集中决策下的定价水平,对另一制造商产品的边际利润与分散决策等同。两个制造商联盟决策下产品批发价提高,但其边际利润等同分散决策,导致供应链利润最差。低碳消费者对普通产品估值折扣系数总是正向影响普通产品市场定价和供应链利润,两类产品市场定价都随低碳消费者比例的增加而降低。当对普通产品估值折扣系数较低时,强势零售商与低碳产品制造商联盟时供应链利润随低碳消费者比例的增加而提升,反之,随低碳消费者比例的增大先增加后降低。 相似文献
10.
研究在市场需求存在不确定性的情况下制造商、零售商的风险态度对绿色供应链最优决策的影响以及优化问题。考虑市场需求具有不确定性,在以制造商为领导者、零售商为追随者的绿色供应链中建立斯塔克尔伯格（Stackelberg）博弈模型,研究制造商风险规避与零售商风险中性、制造商风险中性与零售商风险规避以及制造商与零售商均风险规避3种情况下绿色供应链的最优决策,并分析消费者绿色产品接受度、一次性研发投入成本系数和制造商与零售商的风险厌恶系数对产品绿色度及制造商与零售商利润的影响。研究表明,提高消费者绿色产品接受度和零售商风险厌恶系数、降低一次性研发投入成本系数和制造商风险厌恶系数有利于提升产品绿色度和供应链参与者的利润。研究发现对使制造商和零售商在获取最大利润的同时最大限度地提高产品绿色度的启示包括：针对绿色产品推出先试后买的销售模式;制造商与零售商之间建立绿色产品研发成本分担契约;制造商与零售商之间建立股权合作关系。 相似文献
11.
A research group led by Prof. ZHAI Qiwei from the Institute for Nutritional Sciences under the CAS Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences has discovered that even relatively low doses of resveratrol-a chemical found in the skins of red grapes in red wine-can improve the sensitivity of mice to the hormone insulin according to a report in the October issue of Cell Metabolism.…… 《中国科学院院刊(英文版)》2008,22(1):14-15
Aresearch group led by Prof. ZHAI Qiwei from the Institute for Nutritional Sciences under the CAS Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences has discovered that even relatively low doses of resveratrol--a chemical found in the skins of red grapes and in red wine--can improve the sensitivity of mice to the hormone insulin, according to a report in the October,2007 issue of Cell Metabolism. As insulin resistance is often characterized as the most critical factor contributing to the development of Type 2 diabetes, the findings“provide a potential new therapeutic approach for preventing or treating” both conditions, the researchers said. 相似文献
12.
Marjorie Armstrong-Stassen Margaret Landstrom Ramona Lumpkin 《The Information Society》1998,14(2):153-164
This study examined how students who had no prior experience with videoconferencing would react to the use of videoconferencing as an instructional medium. Students enrolled in seven different courses completed a questionnaire at the beginning of the semester and again at the end of the semester. Students at the origination and remote sites did not differ in their reactions toward videoconferencing but there was a significant difference for gender. Women reacted less favorably to videoconferencing. Compared to the beginning of the semester, students reported significantly less positive attitudes toward taking a course through videoconferencing at the end of the semester. There were no significant differences in students' attitudes toward videoconferencing across courses at the beginning of the semester but there were significant differences across the courses at the end of the semester. The results suggest the need for better preparation for both students and instructors. 相似文献
13.
A joint study by Prof. ZHANG Zhibin from the CAS Institute of Zoology his co-workers from Norway US Swiss have indicated that historical outbreaks of migratory locusts in China were associated with cold spells suggesting that China's projected climate warming could decrease the pest's numbers. The study was published in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences on September .…… 《中国科学院院刊(英文版)》2008,22(1):6-7
Ajoint study by Prof. ZHANG Zhibin from the CAS Institute of Zoology and his co-workers from Norway, US and Swiss have indicated that historical outbreaks of migratory locusts in China were associated with cold spells, suggesting that China＇s projected climate warming could decrease the pest＇s numbers. The study was published in Proceedings of theNational Academy of Sciences on 17 September, 2007. 相似文献
14.
Active biological molecules functional structures can be fabricated into a bio-mimetic system by using molecular assembly method. Such materials can be used for the drug delivery disease diagnosis therapy new nanodevice construction.…… 《中国科学院院刊(英文版)》2008,22(1):22-22
Active biological molecules and functional structures can be fabricated into a bio-mimetic system by using molecular assembly method. Such materials can be used for the drug delivery, disease diagnosis and therapy, and new nanodevice construction. 相似文献
15.
Caroline Haythornthwaite 《The Information Society》2001,17(3):211-226
A computer-mediated group is a complex entity whose members exchange many types of information via multiple means of communication in pursuit of goals specific to their environment. Over time, they coordinate technical features of media with locally enacted use to achieve a viable working arrangement. To explore this complex interaction, a case study is presented of the social networks of interactions and media use among members of a class of computer-supported distance learners. Results show how group structures associated with project teams dominated who communicated with whom, about what, and via which media over the term, and how media came to occupy their own communication niches: Webboard for diffuse class-wide communication; Internet Relay Chat more to named others but still for general communication across the class; and e-mail primarily for intrateam communication. Face-to-face interaction, occurring only during a short on-campus session, appears to have had a catalytic effect on social and emotional exchanges. Results suggest the need to structure exchanges to balance class-wide sharing of ideas with subgroup interactions that facilitate project completion, and to provide media that support these two modes of interaction. 相似文献
16.
《中国科学院院刊(英文版)》2008,22(1):2-3
CAS should stick to the principle of rendering service to, and giving impetus for, the development of China＇s science enterprise by making S＆T innovations, said CAS President LU Yongxiang. The CAS president made the remarks in a recent talk to communicate the gist of the winter session of the Party＇s Leading-member Group at CAS, which was held from 7 to 11 January in Beijing. 相似文献
17.
Electronic data interchange (EDI) provides means for interorganizational communication, creates network externalities, requires an advanced information technology (IT) infrastructure, and relies on standards. In the diffusion of such innovations, institutional involvement is imperative. Such institutions contain governmental agencies, national and global standardization organizations, local government, and nonprofit private organizations like industry associations. The last type of organizations we call intermediating institutions. They intermediate or coordinate ("inscribe") the activities of a group of would-be adopters. Unfortunately, little is known of how these organizations shape the EDI diffusion trajectory. In this article we examine one specific type of intermediating organizations?industry associations?and how they advanced the EDI diffusion process in the grocery sectors of Hong Kong, Denmark and Finland. We identify six institutional measures, placed into a matrix formed by the mode of involvement (influence vs. regulation) and the type of diffusion force (supply push vs. demand pull), that can be mobilized to further the EDI diffusion. Industry associations were found to be active users of all these measures to varying degrees. Their role was critical especially in knowledge building, knowledge deployment, and standard setting. Furthermore, institutional involvement varied due to policy and cultural contingencies and power dependencies. 相似文献
18.
《中国科学院院刊(英文版)》2008,22(1)
With great care, Dr. ZHOU Zhonghe takes out a package wrapped by cotton tissue from a drawer and says: "This is the gem of our collections: the fossil of a bird that lived 125 million years ago!" Then, pointing at a tiny mound, he explains: "Look, this is the claw and that is the head. It was in the egg shell and ready to hatch ... The species fell into a family of waterside inhabitants." 相似文献
19.
Leah A. Lievrouw 《The Information Society》2000,16(2):155-159
This essay focuses on universal service and the Internet as means to support social and political participation. The emphasis on access to telecommunications systems in conventional approaches to universal service is contrasted with access to content. A model of the information environment is described that accounts for the roles of content and conduit, both of which are necessary conditions to achieve true access. A method is outlined for employing information indicators to observe or measure the information environment. 相似文献
20.
Puay Tang 《The Information Society》1998,14(1):19-31
The increasing prospects of digital piracy has prompted the perceived need by electronic publishers to adopt technical systems of protection, and governments to reform their copyright laws. This article is a preliminary study of the management of intellectual property by electronic publishers, defined as those involved in the production of online databases, and CD-ROMs. It focuses on three main issues: (1) how electronic publishers view the increasing threat of piracy; (2) the methods of protection employed to protect intellectual property in digital format; and (3) the importance of technological protection of intellectual property in electronic publications. The analysis is based on a sample of 23 UK electronic publishers. The interviews revealed an interesting assortment of protection methods and did not show that technological protection was a preferred way. Instead, the means of protection, in addition to copyright law, comprised niche markets, pricing, trust, bad publicity, and nontechnical and technical means. 相似文献